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Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, Third Edition, discusses different aspects of UV-related phenomena that occur when polymeric materials are exposed to UV radiation. It reviews existing literature, looking at how plants, animals and humans protect themselves against UV radiation. This review permits evaluation of mechanisms of protection against UV used by living things and potential application of these mechanisms in the protection of natural and synthetic polymeric materials. Other chapters look at more specific aspects of UV degradation and stabilization, such as specific polymers and rubbers, analytical methods used in UV stabilization, health and safety, and more. This book is an excellent companion to the Databook of UV stabilizers which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application. - Provides a practical reference guide for engineers and scientists who design with plastics and formulate plastic materials - Explains the effect of UV light on plastics and how to mitigate its effects through the use of UV stabilizers - Surveys the range of UV stabilizers on the market and provides advice on their selection and use
UV and other forms of radiation cause severe damage to a wide range of materials from living organisms to manufactured products. Plastics materials and products exposed to UV light suffer weakening, discoloring and degradation. In this book, George Wypych provides a comprehensive reference guide to help those working with plastics to limit this damage and deterioration through the use of UV stabilizers. The author begins with physics of radiation energy, transmission, and absorption and their effect on materials. The wide range of UV stabilizers available in the market is discussed in terms of their chemistry, physical properties, application specifics, and effects on health and environment. The mechanisms and functionality of stabilizers are discussed and explained through mathematical modeling. Stabilizers are evaluated from the point of view of their effect on other additives in mixtures, and on the efficiency of the materials they are used in. Suggestions are given regarding the selection of stabilizers for different products and polymers. * A practical and comprehensive reference guide for engineers and scientists designing with plastics, and formulating plastics materials. * Explains the effects of UV light on plastics, and how to mitigate its effects through the use of UV stabilizers * Surveys the range of UV stabilizers on the market, and provides advice on their selection and use
PVC stabilization, the most important aspect of formulation and performance of this polymer, is discussed in details. This book contains all information required to design successful stabilization formula for any product made out of PVC. Separate chapters review information on chemical structure, PVC manufacturing technology, morphology, degradation by thermal energy, UV, gamma, other forms of radiation, mechanodegradation, and chemical degradation. The chapter on analytical methods used in studying of degradative and stabilization processes helps in establishing system of checking results of stabilization with different stabilizing systems. Stabilization and stabilizers are discussed in full detail in the most important chapter of this book. The final chapter contains information on the effects of PVC and its additives on health, safety and environment. This book contains analysis of all essential papers and patents published until recently on the above subject. It either locates the answers to relevant questions and offers solutions or gives references in which such answers can be found. PVC Degradation and Stabilization is must to have for chemists, engineers, scientists, university teachers and students, designers, material scientists, environmental chemists, and lawyers who work with polyvinyl chloride and its additives or have any interest in these products. This book is the one authoritative source on the subject. - A practical and up-to-date reference guide for engineers and scientists designing with PVC - Covers thermal, UV, gamma radiation, chemical, and other forms of degradation - Includes a critical discussion of the sustainability issues faced by PVC and its additives, as well as health and safety concerns
During the past decade, the field of polymer degradation and stabilization has become a subject of central importance in polymer science and technology. This book provides a fundamental source of information designed for those with only a basic understanding of the background of the field.
Databook of UV Stabilizers, Second Edition, provides general indicators regarding the performance of UV stabilizers and includes details on the data fields included in the description of individual stabilizers. It provides details such as acronyms, molecular weight, odor, product form, transmittance, DOT hazard class, NFPA flammability/reactivity, aquatic toxicity, typical applications, processing methods, conditions to avoid, and much more for each stabilizer covered. Importantly, the Ecological properties section contains data on Biodegradation probability, Aquatic toxicity LC (Algae, Rainbow trout, Bluegill sunfish, Fathead minnow, Zebrafish, and Daphnia magna), Bioaccumulation potential, Bioconcentration factor, Biodegradation probability, Hydroxyl rate, and Partition coefficients (log Koc, log Kow). This book is an excellent companion to the Handbook of UV stabilizers which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application - Discusses general indicators of performance of UV stabilizers and information on data fields included in the description of individual stabilizers - Includes five distinct sections, breaking content up into useful and manageable topics - Presents data that belongs to over 100 data fields, accommodating a variety of data available in source publications
An insightful and multidisciplinary exploration of plastic pollutants in the ocean environment In Plastics and the Ocean, renowned researcher Anthony L. Andrady delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the sources, characterization, and environmental impacts of plastics in the ocean. The book focuses on macroplastics as well as micro-scale and nanoscale plastics and the human impacts of these that reach consumers via seafood. It also addresses the human behavioral aspects of the problem via discussions of the mismanagement of urban litter. A diverse collection of expert perspectives is arranged logically and guides the reader through this fast-evolving multi-disciplinary subject area. Beginning with an overview of the field, the book goes on to explore the importance of this area of research to related disciplines and to the everyday lives of consumers. This text offers engineers and scientists an up-to-date review of the subject and the state of the art as summarized by key researchers in the field. The book includes: A synthesis of leading voices in oceanography, biogeochemistry, industrial chemistry, ecotoxicology, polymer science, and behavioral science Discussions of the impacts of a range of marine plastics, including large debris, microplastics, and nanoplastics A summary of the abundance and impacts of plastics in various niches in the marine environment Descriptions of the current methodologies for sampling, detection, processing, and identification of plastic waste Plastics and the Ocean is an indispensable resource for professionals, researchers, instructors, and graduate students in polymer science, marine biology, and environmental engineering. It’s also a must-read text for chemical engineers, materials scientists, and environmental engineers seeking a one-stop resource that describes the origins, occurrence, composition, environmental fate, and biological impacts of plastic pollutants in an ocean environment.
This reference guide brings together a wide range of essential data on the effects of weather and UV light exposure on plastics and elastomers, enabling engineers to make optimal material choices and design decisions. In both normal and extreme environments, outdoor use has a variety of effects on different plastics and elastomers, including discoloring and brittleness. The data is supported by explanations of real-world engineering applications. The data tables in this book are supported by examples of real-world applications, enabling engineers and scientists to select the right materials for a given situation, across a wide range of sectors including construction, packaging, signage, consumer (e.g. toys, outdoor furniture), automotive and aerospace, defense, etc. The third edition includes new text chapters that provide the fundamental knowledge required to make best use of the data. Author Larry McKeen has also added detailed descriptions of the effect of weathering on the most common polymer classes such as polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, elastomers, fluoropolymers, biodegradable plastics, etc., making this book an invaluable design guide as well as an industry standard data source. - Essential data and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working with plastics in outdoor applications and products - New introductory chapters on weathering processes and the effect of light and heat on plastics - 25% new data
Encyclopedia of Polymer and Rubber Additives documents how polymer properties and performance can be improved through the use of additives, resulting in enhanced physical properties, stability, improved process and assembly, extended shelf life, enhanced purity, and minimized environmental impact. 88 groups of additives used by all segments of the polymer and rubber industries are included, with each group discussed in a systematic manner in order to facilitate easy information retrieval and comparison. Typical chemical structures, mechanisms of action, influences and interferences in complex formulations, and evidence of performance from experimental studies are each featured, with frequent references to monographic sources for even more in-depth knowledge of the subject. The companion volume, Databook of the Most Important Polymer and Rubber Additives is also available. It contains robust technical data on the most essential additives currently in use, and the two books are must-have references for anyone working with rubbers and plastics. - Provides a complete set of tables, classifications, and information related to a wide variety of commercially used additives for polymers and rubbers - Details the characteristics of hundreds of additives that can improve performance of physical properties, stability, and storage life, provide colorants, reduce costs, enhance purity, and minimize environmental impact - Facilitates information retrieval and comparison, discussing mechanisms of action, suitable features, modifications, evidence of performance from experimental studies, and more
This book highlights some of the latest advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials from leading researchers in Ukraine, Europe and beyond. It features contributions presented at the 10th International Science and Practice Conference Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials (NANO2022), which was held in hybrid format on August 25-27, 2022 at Lviv House of Scientists, and was jointly organized by the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turin (Italy), and Pierre and Marie Curie University (France). Internationally recognized experts from a wide range of universities and research institutions share their knowledge and key findings on material properties, behavior, synthesis and their applications. The book will be interesting for leading scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in material and nanoscience. This book’s companion volume also addresses topics such as nano-optics, nanoelectronics, energy storage, nanochemistryl and biomedical applications.
Durability and Reliability of Polymers and Other Materials in Photovoltaic Modules describes the durability and reliability behavior of polymers used in Si-photovoltaic modules and systems, particularly in terms of physical aging and degradation process/mechanisms, characterization methods, accelerated exposure chamber and testing, module level testing, and service life prediction. The book compares polymeric materials to traditional materials used in solar applications, explaining the degradation pathways of the different elements of a photovoltaic module, including encapsulant, front sheet, back sheet, wires and connectors, adhesives, sealants, and more. In addition, users will find sections on the tests needed for the evaluation of polymer degradation and aging, as well as accelerated tests to aid in materials selection. As demand for photovoltaics continues to grow globally, with polymer photovoltaics offering significantly lower production costs compared to earlier approaches, this book will serve as a welcome resource on new avenues.