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There is limited information on how to manage young forests of the Pacific Northwest to benefit wildlife populations. Commercial thinning is becoming more important in young forests both as a tool for timber management and to hasten the development of old-forest characteristics. There is some evidence that many species of birds in the Pacific Northwest, including many species of cavity-nesting birds, respond positively to thinning. It is not known why the abundance of many species of cavity-nesting birds respond positively to thinning I studied habitat use of cavity-nesting birds in young thinned and unthinned forests of the northern Coast Range of Oregon. I examined effects of two intensities of commercial thinning on the abundance of cavity-nesting birds using an experimental approach with one year of pre-treatment and two of post-treatment data for four species of cavity-nesting birds. No species examined was negatively affected by moderate intensity thinning, but one species had a severe negative response to heavy intensity thinning. The abundance of one species was positively influenced by thinning. I studied the foraging ecology of four species of cavity-nesting birds and characterized the types of structures used for foraging. Large-diameter hardwoods; large-diameter, well decayed snags and logs; and large-diameter conifers were all important foraging resources for the four species examined. Thinning for old-forest characteristics will likely have a positive impact on populations of cavity-nesting birds in the long term. There may be little negative short-term effects of thinning on cavity-nesting birds. I suggest a patchy approach to thinning with patches of unthinned and heavily thinned areas intermixed in a landscape dominated by moderately thinned areas. This mix should help to balance the short-term and long-term effects of thinning on all species of cavity-nesting birds. Patches of hardwoods, large-diameter snags, and large-diameter logs should be retained when thinning to provide suitable foraging resources for cavity-nesting birds.
The Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) project is a large long-term metastudy established to assess the effectiveness and ecological impacts of burning and fire "surrogates" such as cuttings and mechanical fuel treatments that are used instead of fire, or in combination with fire, to restore dry forests. One of the 13 national FFS sites is the Northeastern Cascades site at Mission Creek on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The study area includes 12 forested stands that encompass a representative range of dry forest conditions in the northeastern Cascade Range. We describe site histories and environmental settings, experimental design, field methods, and quantify the pretreatment composition and structure of vegetation, fuels, soils and soil biota, entomology and pathology, birds, and small mammals that occurred during the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. We also describe the implementation of thinning treatments completed during 2003 and spring burning treatments done during 2004 and 2006.
Discusses the ways in which we can continue to benefit from forests, while conserving their biodiversity.
I studied species' abundances and habitat relationships of breeding and winter birds in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands from May 1989 to June 1991. The study was conducted in 40- to 55-year old stands in the Central Oregon Coast Ranges and the Tillamook State Forest. Total abundance and species diversity of breeding birds was greater in thinned stands. During the breeding season, Hammond's flycatchers (Empidonax hammondii), hairy woodpeckers (Picoides villosus), red-breasted nuthatches (Sitta canadensis), and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) were more abundant in thinned than unthinned stands. Golden-crowned kinglets (Regulus satrapa), black-throated gray warblers (Dendroica nigrescens), and Pacific-slope flycatchers (Empidonax difficilis) were more abundant in unthinned stands. During the winter, red-breasted nuthatches and winter wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) were more abundant in thinned stands. Differences in abundances of bird species between thinned and unthinned stands seemed to be related to differences in stand structure caused by thinning and to differences in hardwood densities that were probably unrelated to thinning. Differences in abundances of bird species between the Central Coast Ranges and the Tillamook State Forest were related to differences in shrub cover, and densities of hardwoods, snags, and conifers (>56 cm dbh) between the 2 regions. I recommended a thinning regime that would encourage understory and hardwood development in combination with unthinned leave areas to provide snag recruitment and habitat for species associated with dense stands. This regime is intended to maximize bird diversity and abundance in 40- to 55- year-old Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon.
This major volume presents a wealth of fundamental and applied research on managing Coast Range forest and stream ecosystems. Written primarily for managers and resource specialists, the book will also appeal to policymakers, resource scientists, forest landowners, the conservation community, and students interested in forestry, fisheries, and wildlife sciences.