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Each year, hundreds of fatal wrong-way driving (WWD) crashes occur across the United States, and thousands of injuries are reported in traffic crashes caused by wrong-way drivers. Although WWD crashes have been a concern since the advent of access-controlled, divided roadways, the problem persists despite efforts to address it over time. The objective of this book is to provide guidance for implementing traditional and advanced safety countermeasures to achieve a significant reduction in the number of WWD incidents and crashes on freeways.
Drivers who make wrong-way entries onto freeways pose a serious risk to the safety of other motorists and themselves. This report documents the recommended guidelines and best practices developed during the project. The research team based the guidelines and best practices on the results of the literature review, surveys, analysis of freeway-related wrong-way crashes in Texas, and evaluation of available countermeasures. This report also provides a wrong-way entry checklist for engineers and field crews to use for reviewing wrong-way entry issues or suspected problem locations. This checklist was based on one currently used by the California Department of Transportation with some additions based on project findings.
Driving the wrong way on freeways has been a nagging traffic safety problem since the interstate highway system was founded in the 1950s. Despite four decades of highway striping and sign improvements at freeway interchanges, the problem persists. This paper is to determine the contributing factors to wrong-way driving on freeways and to develop promising, cost-conscious countermeasures to reduce driving errors and related crashes. Based on the collected wrong-way crash data, the safety performance function (SPF) for wrong-way crashes on freeway was developed with the annual average daily traffic (AADT) and segment length being the independent variables. The procedures for candidate wrong-way crash sites diagnoses with crash data, historic site data, field condition and other information were described step by step. The methods for contributing factors identification were proposed and the Haddon matrix for wrong-way crashes on freeway was constructed finally. Methods for selecting wrong-way crash countermeasures from the perspective of "four E's" based on crash analysis finding, site-specific contributing factors and geographical characteristics were discussed, and research needs on wrong-way crash management in the future were recommended.
During this review process it was determined that research was needed to understand and develop effective countermeasures for wrong-way movements onto freeways and other restricted roads. This research provides TxDOT staff with preventative measures for reducing the frequency and severity of wrong-way entries onto freeway facilities throughout Texas. Researchers performed the following tasks during the project: established state-of-the-practice on safety, design, and operational issues for wrong-way movement on freeways; surveyed state DOTs to get information on typical wrong-way signing and marking and any innovative practices; quantified the frequency, severity, and other important characteristics of wrong-way crashes in Texas based on a review of crash reports and coordination with 911 public safety answering points; identified available countermeasures to reduce wrong-way movements and crashes; evaluated the feasibility and applicability of the available countermeasures to address Texas problems; documented typical situations that were more likely to produce wrong-way entry issues; developed guidelines/recommended practices for application of wrong-way countermeasures and treatments; and developed a checklist for field crews to use for reviewing wrong-way entry issues or suspected problem locations.
Also available online via the Web pages of the TRB Cooperative Research Programs (www4.trb.org/trb/crp.nsf).
"This report completes and updates the first edition of NCHRP Report 600: Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems (HFG), which was published previously in three collections. The HFG contains guidelines that provide human factors principles and findings for consideration by, and is a resource document for, highway designers, traffic engineers, and other safety practitioners."--Foreword.
The Florida Department of Transportation has studied wrong way crashes occurring on interestate freeways and expressways throughout the state of Florida. In the past five years (2009-2013), 280 crashes have occurred on Florida's freeways and expressways resulting in more than 400 injuries and 75 deaths. This study analyzed trends and contributing factors surrounding wrong way driving on freeways and expressways. It proposed systemic countermeasures to prevent or discourage wrong way occurrences, reducing wrong way crashes and driving down fatalities on Florida's freeways and expressways.
Also available online via the Web pages of the TRB Cooperative Research Programs (www4.trb.org/trb/crp.nsf).
Over a four-year period beginning in 1970, wrong-way incidents and accidents on Virginia's interstate highways were reduced by 50% and those on non-interstate 4-lane divided highways by 70%. However, since 1975 an upward trend has been observed on interstate roads while the downward trend has continued on non-interstate roads. The report discusses engineering measures taken to reduce wrong-way driving; namely, the use of reflectorized pavement arrows on ramps, the elimination of pavement flares, the provision of stop lines across exit ramps near their junction with crossroads, continuation of the pavement edge line across exit ramps, continuation of double-yellow lines on 2-lane divided crossroads opposite exit ramps, reduction of the width of crossovers across exit ramps, additional guidance to local drivers on new interchanges, informing the driver of the geometry of the intersection before he enters it, and providing guidance for drivers at T-intersections without a crossover.