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Many lots in Weber County presently cannot be developed because adverse site characteristics (such as soil that percolates outside acceptable rate ranges or shallow ground water) make them unsuitable for conventional wastewater disposal systems (septic tank soil-absorption systems). The Weber-Morgan District Health Department and the Utah Division of Water Quality have developed designs for alternative wastewater disposal systems that may be used in such areas if hydrogeologic soil conditions are suitable, ground- and surface-water quality will not be degraded, and humans will not be exposed to wastewater pathogens. To demonstrate conformance with these criteria, hydrogeologic and soil studies of proposed sites will need to be conducted and results submitted to the Weber-Morgan District Health Department. Suitable hydrogeologic conditions include (1) site slopes no steeper than 4 percent, (2) soil percolation rates bewteen 60 minutes/inch and 1 minute/inch (5 minutes/inch for both Ogden Canyon and Ogden Valley), (3) depth to seasonal shallow ground water at least 2 feet (0.6 m) below the bottom of soil-absorption drain-field trenches or beds and 1 foot (0.3 m) below the original ground surface (location of trenches and beds with respect to original ground surface varies with alternative system type), (4) depth to bedrock or unsuitable soil at least 4 feet (1.2 m) belowthe bottom of soil-absorption drain-field trenches, (5) topographic and geologic conditions that prevent wastewater from surfacing or reaching surface-water bodies or culinary wells within 250 days ground-water time of travel, (6) ground-water flow available for mixing in the zone of mixing in the aquifer below the site such that average nitrate concentrations will not be increased more than 1 mg/L under the anticipated wastewater loading, and (7) nitrate in high concentration zones (plumes) will not exceed 10 mg/L at any depth or location when it reaches the alternative wastewater disposal system owner's property line, as determined using a defendable solute transport model. Additionally, soil conditions should be such that wastewater will be adequately treated before reaching ground or surface water.
This report characterizes the relationship of geology to groundwater occurrence and flow, with emphasis on determining the thickness of the valley-fill aquifer and water yielding properties of the fractured rock aquifers. Develops a water budget for the drainage basin and classifies the groundwater quality and identifies the likely sources of nitrate in groundwater.
This 116-page report presents the results of an investigation by the Utah Geological Survey of land subsidence and earth fissures in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah. Basin-fill sediments of the Cedar Valley Aquifer contain a high percentage of fine-grained material susceptible to compaction upon dewatering. Groundwater discharge in excess of recharge (groundwater mining) has lowered the potentiometric surface in Cedar Valley as much as 114 feet since 1939. Groundwater mining has caused permanent compaction of fine-grained sediments of the Cedar Valley aquifer, which has caused the land surface to subside, and a minimum of 8.3 miles of earth fissures to form. Recently acquired interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery shows that land subsidence has affected approximately 100 mi² in Cedar Valley, but a lack of accurate historical benchmark elevation data over much of the valley prevents its detailed quantification. Continued groundwater mining and resultant subsidence will likely cause existing fissures to lengthen and new fissures to form which may eventually impact developed areas in Cedar Valley. This report also includes possible aquifer management options to help mitigate subsidence and fissure formation, and recommended guidelines for conducting subsidence-related hazard investigations prior to development.
Research on reservoir sedimentation in recent years has been aimed mainly at water resources projects in developing countries. These countries, especially in Africa, often have to cope with long droughts, flash floods and severe erosion problems. Large reservoir capacities are required to capture water provided by flash floods so as to ensure the supply of water in periods of drought. The problem arising however is that these floods, due to their tremendous stream power, carry enormous volumes of sediment which, due to the size of reservoirs, are virtually deposited in toto in the reservoir basin, leading to fast deterioration of a costly investment. Accurate forecasting of reservoir behaviour is therefore of the utmost importance.This book fills a gap in current literature by providing in one volume comprehensive coverage of techniques required to practically investigate the effects sediment deposition in reservoirs has on the viability of water resources projects. Current techniques for practically estimating sediment yield from catchments, estimating the volume of sediment expected to deposit in reservoirs, predicting sediment distribution and calculating scour downstream of reservoirs are evaluated and presented. The liberal use of diagrams and graphs to explain the various techniques enhances understanding and makes practical application simple. A major feature of the book is the application of stream power theory to explain the process of reservoir sedimentation and to develop four new methods for predicting sediment distribution in reservoirs.The book is primarily directed at practising engineers involved in the planning and design of water resources projects and at post-graduate students interested in this field of study.