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This award-winning publication gives the most in-depth information available on nitrogen fertilization of walnut orchards. Discusses the variables that make nitrogen management of each orchard a unique challenge; and provides the tools that let you manage your orchard efficiently and economically. Chapters discuss concepts of fertilization, nitrogen budgeting, choosing and using nitrogen fertilizers, and fertilizing young trees.
The improvement in global crop production over the past several decades has been associated with increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, on average, less than 50% of the nitrogen added to croplands globally is harvested as crop product. Inefficient use of N fertilizer by crops will result in substantial agricultural nitrogen losses, posing threats to human and ecosystem health. Crop production must increase dramatically to meet the growing demand for food and biofuels projected for 2050. To boost crop yield with lowered environmental cost, the use of high-potential crop cultivars and efficient nitrogen fertilizer management are required. Recent advances in N management practices, such as enhanced-efficiency fertilizer use, improved manure management and machine deep placement of fertilizer have opened up new strategies to achieve improved crop production with N use reduction. A better understanding of the key crop traits and regulatory processes in response to N fertilizer managements will facilitate the increase in crop yield, N use efficiency while minimizing impacts on the environment.
Nitrogen constitutes about 79 percent of the earth's atmosphere, yet, in an agricultural plant production system, it is still common for soils to be deficient in the nitrogen needed for maximum plant growth. Nitrogen fertilizers, however, despite being essential for the economically driven production of food and fiber, are recognized as polluters of natural waters, and it has become increasingly apparent that manufactured and naturally occurring nitrogen resources must be better managed. This book addresses the problem by describing how such factors as types of soils and crops, irrigation methods, climate, and the nitrogen cycle itself affect levels of nitrogen in agricultural plant production systems. The book also provides a practical guide to the use of different fertilizers with regard to environment, type of plant, and method of farming. This book will help to achieve effective nitrogen management in agriculture and will be of interest to workers in local, state, and federal agricultural extension services, consulting firms, environmental regulators, and students and researchers in soil chemistry.
Most plants absorbmore nitrogen than any other nutrient. Because the amount needed is so large and easily be lost from many soils, nitrogen is usually the most limiting nutrient for plant growth. Although about 79 percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen, only nitrogen-fixingplants such as legumeswith their associated bacteria are able to use this abundant source. The nonleguminous grain crops must receive supplemental nitrogen to produce satisfactory yields. Until the last few decades the supply of available nitrogen in the soil was increased primarily by legumes and manure. These sources should be used when economically feasible, but many important grain-producing areas of the world must now rely on commercial fertilizer nitrogen. For economic reasons researchers and growers have been interested for many years in improving yields from each unit of nitrogen. Recently, however, the efficient use of nitrogen has become an environmental issue as well, because high nitrate concentrations in water may be harmful to humans, especiali infants, and to livestock. If plants absorb more of the addedfertilizer nitrogen, then less is likely to leach from fields into drinking water. Improving nitrogen efficiency has also become crucial in order to conserve dwinling supplies of natural gas, which is used in large quantities to manufacture nitrogenfertilizers.