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Transitional justice relies on the political interest to implement mechanisms such as a court of justice to hold perpetrators of grave human rights and international humanitarian law violations accountable; truth commissions to build a narrative of the conflict, law reforms, and institutions to provide reparations to victims. In addition, creating a permanent international investigation unit could provide additional information to prosecute the criminal networks that aided abusers to remain in impunity and serve as a way of collective reparations in transitional justice. To evaluate the creation of an international investigation unit, this dissertation navigates through the history of transitional justice, the evolution in time of the mechanisms, its implementation in different peace processes, and the ability to hold accountable the worst human rights abusers. The dissertation approach to the case studies is sociological to understand the local history and the local population approach to justice. The evolution of transitional justice shows that most of the mechanisms to transition from conflict into a strong democracy are expensive and require the support of host and foreign governments to allow its implementation. Moreover, different transitions have shown that accountability for perpetrators is sometimes limited to some high-ranking members in government or insurgency and for plenty of lower-ranked individuals while leaving the networks that aided and profited from the conflict in impunity. The dissertation also found that new transitional mechanisms implement investigative bodies to dismantle corrupt networks that allow perpetrators to remain impunity. Public corruption is a consequence of the post-conflict and an obstacle for justice, reparations and guarantees non-repetition. These investigative units enjoy high popularity due to the sense of justice that prosecuting corrupt individuals that profited from the conflict creates in the population, which could serve as a way of collective reparations. This dissertation concludes with the novel contribution of implementing a permanent international investigative unit for countries in transitions with international funding and cross-border jurisdiction to investigate criminal networks that supported human rights abusers and profited from conflict and provide technical investigative support to domestic transitional justice courts. The dissertation also proposes the addition of a local investigative unit in new transitional justice efforts and discusses creating an international court for transitions or a chamber in the international criminal court charged to prosecute those networks.
Transitional justice has become the principle lens used by countries emerging from conflict and authoritarian rule to address the legacies of violence and serious human rights abuses. However, as transitional justice practice becomes more institutionalized with support from NGOs and funding from Western donors, questions have been raised about the long-term effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms. Core elements of the paradigm have been subjected to sustained critique, yet there is much less commentary that goes beyond critique to set out, in a comprehensive fashion, what an alternative approach might look like. This volume discusses one such alternative, transformative justice, and positions this quest in the wider context of ongoing fall-out from the 2008 global economic and political crisis, as well as the failure of social justice advocates to respond with imagination and ambition. Drawing on diverse perspectives, contributors illustrate the wide-ranging purchase of transformative justice at both conceptual and empirical levels.
Rebuilding societies where conflict has occurred is rarely a simple process. Where conflict has been accompanied by gross and systematic violations of human rights, the procedure becomes very controversial. The traditional debate on "transitional justice" sought to balance justice, truth, accountability, peace, and stability. The appearance of impunity for past crimes undermines confidence in new democratic structures and casts doubt upon commitments to human rights. Yet the need to consolidate peace sometimes resulted in reluctance on the part of authorities --both local and international --to confront suspected perpetrators of human rights violations, especially when they are a part of a peace process. Experience in many regions of the world therefore suggested a tradeoff between peace and justice. But that is changing. There is a growing consensus that some forms of justice and accountability are integral to --rather than in tension with --peace and stability. This volume considers whether we are truly going beyond the transitional justice debate. It brings together eminent scholars and practitioners with direct experience in some of the most challenging cases of international justice, and illustrates that justice and accountability remain complex, but not mutually exclusive, ideals.
Results of the 2007 Nuremberg Conference on Peace and Justice: Tensions between peace and justice have long been debated by scholars, practitioners and agencies including the United Nations, and both theory and policy must be refined for very practical application in situations emerging from violent conflict or political repression. Specific contexts demand concrete decisions and approaches aimed at redress of grievance and creation of conditions of social justice for a non-violent future. There has been definitive progress in a world in which blanket amnesties were granted at times with little hesitation. There is a growing understanding that accountability has pragmatic as well as principled arguments in its favour. Practical arguments as much as shifts in the norms have created a situation in which the choice is increasingly seen as "which forms of accountability" rather than a stark choice between peace and justice. It is socio-political transformation, not just an end to violence, that is needed to build sustainable peace. This book addresses these dilemmas through a thorough overview of the current state of legal obligations; discussion of the need for a holistic approach including development; analysis of the implications of the coming into force of the ICC; and a series of "hard" case studies on internationalized and local approaches devised to navigate the tensions between peace and justice.
The international transitional justice soft law framework breaks the obligations of states to combat impunity and provide reparation into a number of discrete tasks, including truth-seeking/telling, accountability, and reparations for victims. The most amorphous of these tasks is 'guarantees of non-repetition.' While the basic idea is clear - whatever measures are needed to prevent a recurrence of the serious human rights violations or international crimes committed in the past - the content of this idea has been unduly narrowed over the years. In practice, it generally means vetting or restructuring of security forces, and measures to increase the independence and effectiveness of the formal judiciary. The chapter explores the possibility of expanding the view of what is meant, to encompass a more transformative non-repetition of the conditions likely to lead to renewed conflict. It looks at several attempts to do just that, through peace accords, truth commission recommendations or other means. It briefly considers the Philippines and Colombia as examples of how such an approach might work. It explores whether, given the risks of a broad “transformative” approach, a more fulsome view of measures of non-repetition could serve to both expand and appropriately limit the concept.
Dr. Natasha Stamenkovikj offers a comprehensive account of the right to the truth as a right in international law and an element in delivering justice though European governance.
This book explores the practical and theoretical opportunities as well as the challenges raised by the expansion of transitional justice into new and ‘aparadigmatic’ cases. The book defines transitional justice as the pursuit of accountability, recognition and/or disruption and applies an actor-centric analysis focusing on justice actors’ intentions of and responses to transitional justice. It offers a typology of different transitional justice contexts ranging from societies experiencing ongoing conflict to consolidated democracies, and includes chapters from all types of aparadigmatic contexts. This covers transitional justice in states with contested political authority, shared political authority, and consolidated political authority. The transitional justice initiatives explored by the wide range of contributors are those of Afghanistan, Belgium, France, Greenland/Denmark, Libya, Syria, Turkey/Kurdistan, UK/Iraq, US, and Yemen. Through these aparadigmatic case studies, the book develops a new framework that, appropriate to its expanding reach, allows us to understand the practice of transitional justice in a more context-sensitive, bottom-up, and actor-oriented way, which leaves room for the complexity and messiness of interventions on the ground. The book will appeal to scholars and practitioners in the broad field of transitional justice, as represented in law, criminology, politics, conflict studies and human rights. The Introduction, Chapter 8 and the Concluding Remarks of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
For decades a bitter civil war between the Colombia government and armed insurgent groups tore apart Colombian society. After protracted negotiations in Havana, a peace agreement was accepted by the Colombian government and the FARC rebel group in 2016. This volume will provide academics and practitioners throughout the world with critical analyses regarding what we know generally about the post-war peace building process and how this can be applied to the specifics of the Colombian case to assist in the design and implementation of post-war peace building programs and policies. This unique group of Colombian and international scholars comment on critical aspects of the peace process in Colombia, transitional justice mechanisms, the role of state and non-state actors at the national and local levels, and examine what the Colombian case reveals about traditional theories and approaches to peace and transitional justice.
Transitional justice is the way societies that have experienced civil conflict or authoritarian rule and widespread violations of human rights deal with the experience. With its roots in law, transitional justice as an area of study crosses various fields in the social sciences. This book is written with this multi- and inter-disciplinary dynamic of the field in mind. The book presents the broad scope of transitional justice studies through a focus on the theory, mechanisms and debates in the area, covering such topics as: The origin, context and development of transitional justice Victims, victimology and transitional justice Prosecutions for abuses and gross violations of human rights Truth commissions Transitional justice and local justice Gender, political economy and transitional justice Apology, reconciliation and the politics of memory Offering a discussion of the impact and outcomes of transitional justice, this approach provides valuable insight for those who seek both an introduction alongside relatively advanced engagement with the subject. Transitional Justice: Theories, Mechanisms and Debates is an important text for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students who take courses in transitional justice, human rights and criminal law, as well as a systematic reference text for researchers.
What if we could change the conditions in post-conflict/post-authoritarian countries to make transitional justice work better? This book argues that if the context in countries in need of transitional justice can be ameliorated before processes of transitional justice are established, they are more likely to meet with success. As the contributors reveal, this can be done in different ways. At the attitudinal level, changing the broader social ethos can improve the chances that societies will be more receptive to transitional justice. At the institutional level, the capacity of mechanisms and institutions can be strengthened to offer more support to transitional justice processes. Drawing on lessons learned in Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, The Gambia, Lebanon, Palestine, and Uganda, the book explores ways to better the conditions in post-conflict/post-authoritarian countries to improve the success of transitional justice.