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Excerpt from Grass Seeding and Soil Erosion in a Steep, Logged Area in Northeastern Oregon Variations of our second method for indexing soil displacement have been used for many years by hydrologists and soil conservationists to document changes in stream channel cross sections and land surfaces over time. More recently, Leonard and Whitney (1977) used essentially the same method reported here for documenting changes in forest trails caused by people and animals. Our method was as follows: (1) A numbered nail was driven vertically into each of several stumps along three contours across the study site. About 2 mm of space was left between the underside of the nail head and the top of the stump. Distance between stumps varied from 3 to 24 m. (2) A thin, nylon string was stretched tightly between two stumps and tied to the nails. (3) The distance from the nylon string to the soil (or residue) surface was measured at 30-cm intervals (fig. 3) and recorded to the nearest millimeter. (4) The same procedure was followed for all transects. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The COWFISH model, developed and applied in selected Montana streams, was tested on 14 streams in Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, where it proved to have little value for predicting numbers of trout in watersheds grazed by livestock. The model holds promise for estimating the health of stream channels and riparian complexes.