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It was in the early 20th-century renaissance of the decorative arts that modern graphic design was born, art made to serve the global expansion of business and industry. Alain Weill traces the history of commercial imagemaking and typography in Europe and the United States, from the earliest poster artists to the radical avant-garde influences of Dada and Constructivism, De Stijl and the Bauhaus, from the political and social consciousness of the 1960s to the digital age. With an extremely readable text, hundreds of colour illustrations and additional documents by distinguished authors on 'Early Writings on Graphic Design', 'Advertising - The Mother of Graphic Design' and 'The Future of Graphic Design?', this is a treasure trove for students and practising artists and designers.
Scientists have long speculated on the impact of extreme natural catastrophes on human societies. Archeology and Volcanism in Central America provides dramatic evidence of the effects of several volcanic disasters on a major civilization of the Western Hemisphere, that of the Maya. During the past 2,000 years, four volcanic eruptions have taken place in the Zapotitán Valley of southern El Salvador. One, the devastating eruption of Ilopango around A.D. 300, forced a major migration, pushing the Mayan people north to the Yucatán Peninsula. Although later eruptions did not have long-range implications for cultural change, one of the subsequent eruptions preserved the Cerén site—a Mesoamerican Pompeii where the bodies of the villagers, the palm-thatched roofs of their houses, the pots of food in their pantries, even the corn plants in their fields were preserved with remarkable fidelity. Throughout 1978, a multidisciplinary team of anthropologists, archeologists, geologists, biologists, and others sponsored by the University of Colorado's Protoclassic Project researched and excavated the results of volcanism in the Zapotitan Valley—a key Mesoamerican site that contemporary political strife has since rendered inaccessible. The result is an outstanding contribution to our understanding of the impact of volcanic eruptions on early Mayan civilization. These investigations clearly demonstrate that the Maya inhabited this volcanically hazardous valley in order to reap the short-term benefits that the volcanic ash produced—fertile soil, fine clays, and obsidian deposits.