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The book presents a comprehensive review of graphene-based supercapacitor technology. It focusses on synthesis, characterization, fundamental properties and promising applications of graphene materials and various types of graphene-based composites. The wide range of applications include electric power systems of portable electronics, hybrid-electric vehicles, mobile phones etc. Keywords: Graphene, Energy Storage Materials, Supercapacitors, Micro-Supercapacitors, Self-Healable Supercapacitors, Graphene-Based ZnO Nanocomposites, Defect Engineered Graphene Materials, Electric Power Systems.
Microsupercapacitors systematically guides the reader through the key materials, characterization techniques, performance factors and potential applications and benefits to society of this emerging electrical energy storage solution. The book reviews the technical challenges in scaling down supercapacitors, covering materials, performance, design and applications perspectives. Sections provide a fundamental understanding of microsupercapacitors and compare them to existing energy storage technologies. Final discussions consider the factors that impact performance, potential tactics to improve performance, barriers to implementation, emerging solutions to those barriers, and a future outlook. This book will be of particular interest to materials scientists and engineers working in academia, research and development. Provides a concise introduction of the fundamental science, related technological challenges, and solutions that microsupercapacitors can offer Compares microsupercapacitors with current technologies Reviews the applications of new strategies and the challenge of scaling down supercapacitors Covers the most relevant applications, including energy storage, energy harvesting, sensors and biomedical devices
Abstract: Although great efforts have been made on development of high performance Li-ion batteries and fuel cells in the past, the slow power capability and high maintenance cost have kept them away from many applications. Recently, supercapacitors have drawn great attention because of their high charge/discharge rate, long life cycle, outstanding power density and no short circuit concern. However, supercapacitors generally exhibit low energy density. The objective of this thesis research is to develop graphene-based supercapacitors with simultaneously high power density and energy density at low production cost. Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, store energy as electrical charge on highly porous materials. Currently one major challenge that keeps supercapacitors from their promising applications is their low energy density. One promising electrode material candidate for electric double-layer (EDL) supercapacitors is graphene. Graphene, due to its unique lattice structure, exhibits appealing electrical properties, chemical stability and high surface area. Ideally a monolayer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms can reach a specific capacitance up to ~550 F/g as well as a high surface area of 2675 m2/g. So far, a variety of methods have been developed to synthesis graphene starting from graphite, but the cost, graphene quality and productivity remain main obstacles for their industrial application. The porous graphene material reported in this thesis was synthesized by a scalable oxidation-reduction method involving a rapid annealing process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the morphology and successful exfoliation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The interlayer distance characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is 3.64 Å (24.44°) suggesting the removal of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the C/O ratio increases from ~2 to ~5 with O1s peak reduced significantly from graphite oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide. Furthermore, the successful reduction was verified by the low intensities of oxygen-related peaks in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 410 m2/g and mesoporous structure of the synthesized material would be beneficial to the improvement of charge-storage capability and thus energy density in supercapacitors. To evaluate the electrochemical performance of graphene electrodes, supercapacitors were assembled in symmetrical cell geometry. The near rectangular cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves with EMIMBF4 and LiPF6 at scan rate of 100mV/s suggest very efficient charge transfer within the porous graphene electrodes. The triangle charge-discharge responses with a small voltage drop and vertical spike in the low frequency region of a Nyquist plot indicates an ideal capacitor performance. The specific capacitance of 306.03 F/g and energy density of 148.75 Wh/kg at 1A/g were realized with highly porous graphene electrodes. Meanwhile, the power density extracted at 8A/g reaches ~10 kW/kg, thus, making it suitable for high power applications. Compared with previously investigated carbon-based EDL capacitors, the supercapacitor based on the annealed graphene electrode is a milestone in terms of capacitance and energy density. Moreover, the supercapacitors assembled with graphene electrodes shows excellent stability for 10,000 charge-discharge cycles.
Suitable for readers from broad backgrounds, Graphene: Energy Storage and Conversion Applications describes the fundamentals and cutting-edge applications of graphene-based materials for energy storage and conversion systems. It provides an overview of recent advancements in specific energy technologies, such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, lithium sulfur batteries, and lithium air batteries. It also considers the outlook of industrial applications in the near future. Offering a brief introduction to the major synthesis methods of graphene, the text details the latest academic and commercial research and developments, covering all potential avenues for graphene’s use in energy-related areas.
This first volume in the series on nanocarbons for advanced applications presents the latest achievements in the design, synthesis, characterization, and applications of these materials for electrochemical energy storage. The highly renowned series and volume editor, Xinliang Feng, has put together an internationally acclaimed expert team who covers nanocarbons such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes, and porous carbons. The first two parts focus on nanocarbon-based anode and cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, while the third part deals with carbon material-based supercapacitors with various applications in power electronics, automotive engineering and as energy storage elements in portable electric devices. This book will be indispensable for materials scientists, electrochemists, physical chemists, solid state physicists, and those working in the electrotechnical industry.
Fundamentals and Applications of Supercapacitor 2D Materials covers different aspects of supercapacitor 2D materials, including their important properties, synthesis, and recent developments in supercapacitor applications of engineered 2D materials. In addition, theoretical investigations and various types of supercapacitors based on 2D materials such as symmetric, asymmetric, flexible, and micro-supercapacitors are covered. This book is a useful resource for research scientists, engineers, and students in the fields of supercapacitors, 2D nanomaterials, and energy storage devices. Due to their sub-nanometer thickness, 2D materials have a high packing density, which is suitable for the fabrication of highly-packed energy supplier/storage devices with enhanced energy and power density. The flexibility of 2D materials, and their good mechanical properties and high packing densities, make them suitable for the development of thin, flexible, and wearable devices. Explores recent developments and looks at the importance of 2D materials in energy storage technologies Presents both the theoretical and DFT related studies Discusses the impact on performance of various operating conditions Includes a brief overview of the applications of supercapacitors in various industries, including aerospace, defense, biomedical, environmental, energy, and automotive
The 21 chapters in this book presents a comprehensive overview of flexible supercapacitors using engineering nanoarchitectures mediated by functional nanomaterials and polymers as electrodes, electrolytes, and separators, etc. for advanced energy applications. The various aspects of flexible supercapacitors, including capacitor electrochemistry, evaluating parameters, operating conditions, characterization techniques, different types of electrodes, electrolytes, and flexible substrates are covered. This is probably the first book of its type which systematically describes the recent developments and progress in flexible supercapacitor technology, and will be very helpful for generating new and innovative ideas in the field of energy storage material for wearable/flexible industry applications.
This book explores a wide range of energy storage devices, such as a lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium ion battery and supercapacitors. Providing a comprehensive review of the current field, it also discusses the history of these technologies and introduces next-generation rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. This book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers working with energy storage technologies across the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering. Features: • Edited by established authorities in the field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists • Provides a comprehensive review of field • Up to date with the latest developments and research
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations Discover an innovative and fresh approach to teaching classical electromagnetics at a foundational level Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations delivers an accessible and practical approach to teaching the well-known topics all electromagnetics instructors must include in their syllabus. Based on the author???s decades of experience teaching the subject, the book is carefully tuned to be relevant to an audience of engineering students who have already been exposed to the basic curricula of linear algebra and multivariate calculus. Forming the backbone of the book, Maxwell???s equations are developed step-by-step in consecutive chapters, while related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed simultaneously. The author presents accompanying mathematical tools alongside the material provided in the book to assist students with retention and comprehension. The book contains over 100 solved problems and examples with stepwise solutions offered alongside them. An accompanying website provides readers with additional problems and solutions. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to preliminary concepts in the field, including scalar and vector fields, cartesian coordinate systems, basic vector operations, orthogonal coordinate systems, and electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics An exploration of Gauss??? Law, including integral forms, differential forms, and boundary conditions A discussion of Ampere???s Law, including integral and differential forms and Stoke???s Theorem An examination of Faraday???s Law, including integral and differential forms and the Lorentz Force Law Perfect for third- and fourth-year undergraduate students in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, applied maths, physics, and computer science, Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell???s Equations will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and postgraduate students in any STEM program with applications in electromagnetics.
Although recognized as an important component of all energy storage and conversion technologies, electrochemical supercapacitators (ES) still face development challenges in order to reach their full potential. A thorough examination of development in the technology during the past decade, Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to the ES from technical and practical aspects and crystallization of the technology, detailing the basics of ES as well as its components and characterization techniques. The book illuminates the practical aspects of understanding and applying the technology within the industry and provides sufficient technical detail of newer materials being developed by experts in the field which may surface in the future. The book discusses the technical challenges and the practical limitations and their associated parameters in ES technology. It also covers the structure and options for device packaging and materials choices such as electrode materials, electrolyte, current collector, and sealants based on comparison of available data. Supplying an in depth understanding of the components, design, and characterization of electrochemical supercapacitors, the book has wide-ranging appeal to industry experts and those new to the field. It can be used as a reference to apply to current work and a resource to foster ideas for new devices that will further the technology as it becomes a larger part of main stream energy storage.