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Godefroi de Buillon is an edition of folios 1 through 60 of Paris, Biblioth?que Nationale, fonds fran?ais 781, a prose version of the Old French Crusade Cycle dating from the close of the 13th century. It includes the Beatrix version of the Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne, Le Chevalier au Cygne, Les Enfances Godefroi, La Chanson dÕAntioche, Les ChŽtifs, and La Chanson de JŽrusalem. It is of considerable interest for the history of French literature because it is apparently one of the earliest mises en prose, preceded perhaps only by Robert de BoronÕs prose Merlin. The author explicitly refers to his purpose: ÒlÕai commenchie sans rime pour lÕestore avoir plus abregiet et si me sanle que le rime est mout plaisans et mout bele mais mout est longue [I undertook it without rhyme to have it shorter, for it seems to me that rhyme is beautiful but very long]Ó (1:3-5). In fact, he has rendered the original verse into prose by two distinct methods. The Swan Knight branches of the Cycle are severely abbreviated. Collation with the verse texts is impossible; individual verses are only rarely identifiable. On the other hand, the more historically based branches are the product of an almost verse for line dŽrimage, more often than not by the simple elimination of the second hemistich, as well as the elimination of repetitive, descriptive, and affective passages.
This is the story of Godfrey de Bouillon, Frankish nobleman and warrior. His father Eustace fought with William the Conqueror, and his mother Ida was sainted by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1082, Godfrey became Duke of Lower Lorraine making his capital at Bouillon. Renowned for his adventures, ferocity, and piety, Godfrey became the hero of many songs and poems. Joined by his brothers, Godfrey led the First Crusade. In July of 1099, Godfrey captured Jerusalem. He refused the title King of Jerusalem, saying, "No man should wear a crown of gold where Jesus wore a crown of thorns." He took the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre. In August 1099, an enormous Egyptian force attacked, but Godfrey's small army defeated them at Ascalon. On July 18, 1100, Godfrey died and was buried in the Holy Sepulchre, where tradition holds Jesus was -- for a short while -- buried after his crucifixion.
This book offers a new appraisal of the ancestry and career of Godfrey of Bouillon (c.1060-1100), a leading participant in the First Crusade (1096-99), and the first ruler of Latin Jerusalem (1099-1100), the polity established by the crusaders after they captured the Holy City. While previous studies of Godfrey’s life have tended to focus on his career from the point at which he joined the crusade, this book adopts a more holistic approach, situating his involvement in the expedition in the light of the careers of his ancestors and his own activities in Lotharingia, the westernmost part of the kingdom of Germany. The findings of this enquiry shed new light on the repercussions of a range of critical developments in Latin Christendom in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, including the impact of the ‘Investiture Conflict’ in Lotharingia, the response to the call for the First Crusade in Germany, Godfrey’s influence upon the course of the crusade, his role in its leadership, and his activities during the initial phases of Latin settlement in the Holy Land in its aftermath.
This volume of the epic cycle of poems concerning the First Crusade focuses on the birth and early fictional life of the hero Godfrey and his encounter with the Saracen Cornumarant. The ten-volume Old French Crusade Cycle, when completed, will represent a large body of epics never before edited critically, important both for an understanding of the phenomenon of cyclical composition and an understanding of the problem of the relationship between epic and romance. Published in Old French, the cycle, which dates from the 13th century, is both history and fiction, romance and epic, folklore and reality; its sources are both oral and classical, and its influence can be seen in translations and versions in Spanish, English, and German. Thus, it is of great value to scholars in a wide range of fields, including Old French literature, Old Spanish literature, Medieval German literature, Middle English literature, folklore, history, linguistics, and music history. This third volume, edited by Emanuel J. Mickel, Jr., includes two branches: Les Enfances Godefroi presents the birth and childhood of Godfrey, the future hero of the First Crusade, and focuses on the Boulogne/Bouillon family. This poem includes expanded treatment of Ida and a long episode in England concerning Godfrey's older brother, Eustace, the future count of Boulogne. The other branch, the Retour de Cornumarant, is a later addition that concerns the Saracen's journey to Europe to assassinate Godfrey before he can lead the crusade. As it turns out, the journey actually succeeds in promoting the crusading movement.
A “must have” collection of classic adventures by one of Europe’s most feted cartoonists.
This interdisciplinary handbook provides extensive information about research in medieval studies and its most important results over the last decades. The handbook is a reference work which enables the readers to quickly and purposely gain insight into the important research discussions and to inform themselves about the current status of research in the field. The handbook consists of four parts. The first, large section offers articles on all of the main disciplines and discussions of the field. The second section presents articles on the key concepts of modern medieval studies and the debates therein. The third section is a lexicon of the most important text genres of the Middle Ages. The fourth section provides an international bio-bibliographical lexicon of the most prominent medievalists in all disciplines. A comprehensive bibliography rounds off the compendium. The result is a reference work which exhaustively documents the current status of research in medieval studies and brings the disciplines and experts of the field together.
Ambivalence towards kings, and other sovereign powers, is deep-seated in medieval culture: sovereigns might provide justice, but were always potential tyrants, who usurped power and 'stole' through taxation. Rebel Barons writes the history of this ambivalence, which was especially acute in England, France, and Italy in the twelfth to fifteenth centuries, when the modern ideology of sovereignty, arguing for monopolies on justice and the legitimate use of violence, was developed. Sovereign powers asserted themselves militarily and economically provoking complex phenomena of resistance by aristocrats. This volume argues that the chansons de geste, the key genre for disseminating models of violent noble opposition to sovereigns, offer a powerful way of understanding acts of resistance. Traditionally seen as France's epic literary monuments - the Chanson de Roland is often presented as foundational of French literature - chansons de geste in fact come from areas antagonistic to France, such as Burgundy, England, Flanders, Occitania, and Italy, where they were reworked repeatedly from the twelfth century to the fifteenth and recast into prose and chronicle forms. Rebel baron narratives were the principal vehicle for aristocratic concerns about tyranny, for models of violent opposition to sovereigns and for fantasies of escape from the Carolingian world via crusade and Oriental adventures. Rebel Barons reads this corpus across its full range of historical and geographical relevance, and through changes in form, as well as placing it in dialogue with medieval political theory, to bring out the contributions of literary texts to political debates. Revealing the widespread and long-lived importance of these anti-royalist works supporting regional aristocratic rights to feud and revolt, Rebel Barons reshapes our knowledge of reactions to changing political realities at a crux period in European history.