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Revised version of papers presented at a seminar.
The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. With texts in Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan and Modern Indo-Aryan, this language family supplies a historical documentation of language change over a longer period than any other subgroup of Indo-European. This volume is divided into two main sections dealing with general matters and individual languages. Each chapter on the individual language covers the phonology and grammar (morphology and syntax) of the language and its writing system, and gives the historical background and information concerning the geography of the language and the number of its speakers.
Language learning, which is a conscious process, is the product of either a formal learning situation or a self-study programme (Kramina, 2000: 27). Language learning begins at birth and continues throughout life. People learn languages as they use it to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences establish relationships with family members and friends, and strive to make sense and order of their world. By learning and incorporating new language structures into their repertoire and using them in a variety of contexts, people develop language fluency and proficiency. Opportunities to learn language occur first at home and it extends as children move into the larger community. Schools provide environments where students continue to develop language knowledge, skills and strategies to achieve personal, social, and academic goals. However, for many people language learning occurs through vast materials that are systematically designed to acquire languages and made available for them. 'Languages learning made easy' is a great contribution made by the present author. It is a huge compilation of languages related rules, structures, and, pictorial presentations. It is a self-study guide for many who aspire to communicate in many languages. One language serves as scaffolding for another language while learning the grammatical rules and structures. Therefore, learners can acquire languages at ease and progress stage by stage with determination. The material also covers several topics related to daily life and living environments. Having gained the basic knowledge of the words related to everyday life, learners would be able to communicate with others without any hesitation. Over and above, the material is a great asset for many who want to excel in learning languages because mastery of any language will enhance the self-confidence of the people in the society. Therefore, it is highly recommended that learners who wish to become multi-linguists must own a copy of it and immerse in joyful learning.
Papers from the conference include the following: opening remarks (Lorne Laforge and William F. Mackey); a position paper on the written language of the world (Grant D. McConnell); "An Overview of the Practical and Theoretical Implications of the 'Written Languages of India' Survey Regarding Language and National Development Strategies" (Grant D. McConnell); "Parameters of Language Inequality" (B. P. Mahapatra); "Standardization of Languages--The Case of India" (S. S. Bhattacharya); "Official and Minority Languages in Canada and India: Their Status, Functions and Prestige" (William F. Mackey); "The Concept of Working Language" (Jean-Denis Gendron); "Language Teaching and Language Planning" (Lorne Laforge); "Remarks on Survey Goals and Data Authenticity Validity" (R. C. Nigam);"The Hindi Language in Hindi and Non-Hindi Regions of India" (S. P. Srivastava); "Literacy Trend vs. Literary Development Among Some Scheduled Tribes" (T. P. Mukherjee); and "Selected Tribes and Their Mother Tongues" (O. P. Sharma). (MSE)
The eighth in the series of books on language and development, this book brings out the political and linguistic dimensions of multilingualism in India. Professor Annamalai addresses three main issues: - what maintains multilingual speech communities and how this maintenance is promoted - what is progress in such communities and whom does it exclude - the impact of multilingualism on the purity norms of languages The author establishes that acquisition of multilingualism takes place through two processes. First, through formal schooling restricted to the elite, and second, through primary and secondary socialization at home and at the work place which is where majority learning takes place. He explains power relations in multilingualism by pointing out that for social purposes, code switching between languages constantly takes place for economic, social and political gains, though this does not necessarily imply that the less dominant language merges with the more dominant one. In fact, the opposite takes place for political gains. Professor Annamalai points out that the hierarchical relation between languages arises due to failure in planning, where the key actors in policy making use the provisions in the constitution for political gain, thus promoting preservation of a separate identity rather that language growth. The book finally explores the Code Use Groups, studying the grammatical neighbourhood of languages, and looks at the hexical insertion, language factor and linguistic determinants of code mixing.
This contributed volume discusses in detail the process of construction of a WordNet of 18 Indian languages, called “Indradhanush” (rainbow) in Hindi. It delves into the major challenges involved in developing a WordNet in a multilingual country like India, where the information spread across the languages needs utmost care in processing, synchronization and representation. The project has emerged from the need of millions of people to have access to relevant content in their native languages, and it provides a common interface for information sharing and reuse across the Indian languages. The chapters discuss important methods and strategies of language computation, language data processing, lexical selection and management, and language-specific synset collection and representation, which are of utmost value for the development of a WordNet in any language. The volume overall gives a clear picture of how WordNet is developed in Indian languages and how this can be utilized in similar projects for other languages. It includes illustrations, tables, flowcharts, and diagrams for easy comprehension. This volume is of interest to researchers working in the areas of language processing, machine translation, word sense disambiguation, culture studies, language corpus generation, language teaching, dictionary compilation, lexicographic queries, cross-lingual knowledge sharing, e-governance, and many other areas of linguistics and language technology.
This is the first systematic study of language conflict in a developing society and of its consequences for the integrational processes of nation building. Jyotirindra Das Gupta maintains that language rivalry does not necessarily impede national integration, but can actually contribute to the development of a national community. He explains that the existence of a multiplicity of language groups in a segmented society is not, in itself, indicative of the prospects for successful integration. Only when language groups mobilize into political interest groups is it possible to determine the pattern of intergroup conflict likely to emerge. The way in which this conflict is handled and resolved depends upon the general political atmosphere and upon the type of institutions available for decision making. In the specific case of India, the author finds that because the Indian government has proved capable of meeting the demands of diverse language interests, it is supported by the Indian population as a whole for its role in mediating language rivalries. This book therefore offers evidence for the efficacy of democratic procedures for political development and integration. In the course of his analysis, Das Gupta discusses the impact of Indian language associations on national politics and on the political community in general; the formulation and implementation of a national language policy; and the language policies of nationalist and of separatist groups both before and since Independence. In order to place the Indian experience in a wider context he provides comparative empirical data from other countries. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1970.
Contributed articles.