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In many developing countries the exponentially growing electricity demand can be covered by using locally available, sustainable low-enthalpy geothermal resources (80-150 °C). Such low-enthalpy sources can make electricity generation more independent from oil imports or from the over-dependence on hydropower. Until now this huge energy resource has only been used by some developed countries like the USA, Iceland and New Zealand. The reason why low-enthalpy geothermal resources are not used for electricity generation is that there is still a misconception that low-enthalpy thermal fluids are fit only for direct application. The advancement of drilling technology, development of efficient heat exchangers and deployment of high sensitive binary fluids contribute to the useful application of this energy resource on a much wider scale. This book focuses on all aspects of low enthalpy geothermal thermal fluids. It will be an important source book for all scientists working on geothermal energy development. Specifically those involved in research in developing countries rich in such thermal resources, and for agencies involved in bilateral and international cooperation.
This book addresses the societal aspects of harnessing geothermal resources for different uses, such as power production, heating and cooling. It introduces a theoretical framework for a social scientific approach to the field, and presents a preliminary collection of empirical case studies on geothermal energy and society from across the world. By providing a conceptual and methodological framework to the study of geothermal energy and societies, it brings together information and analyses in the field that to date have been sparse and fragmented. The contributors explore the diverse aspects of the relationship between the harnessing of geothermal resources and the societies and local communities in which these developments take place. After introducing geothermal technologies, renewable energy concepts as well as their social and policy context and the regulative and environmental aspects of geothermal energy, the book analyzes and discusses twelve global case studies, and compares the social engagement tools applied with those used in other sectors. Of interest to researchers from a range of disciplines who wish to explore the issues surrounding energy and society, it is also a valuable resource for geothermal experts and postgraduate students wish to study the field in greater detail.
Since the Arab oil embargo of 1974, it has been clear that the days of almost limitless quantities of low-cost energy have passed. In addition, ever worsening pollution due to fossil fuel consumption, for instance oil and chemical spills, strip mining, sulphur emission and accumulation of solid wastes, has, among other things, led to an increase of as much as 10% in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in this century. This has induced a warming trend through the 'greenhouse effect' which prevents infrared radiation from leaving it. Many people think the average planetary temperatures may rise by 4°C or so by 2050. This is probably true since Antarctic ice cores evidence indicates that, over the last 160000 years, ice ages coincided with reduced levels of carbon dioxide and warmer interglacial episodes with increased levels of the gas in the atmosphere. Consequently, such an elevation of temperature over such a relatively short span of time would have catastrophic results in terms of rising sea level and associated flooding of vast tracts of low-lying lands. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels makes sense on both economic and environmental grounds. One of the most attractive alternatives is geothermal resources, especially in developing countries, for instance in El Salvador where geothermal energy provides about a fifth of total installed electrical power already. In fact, by the middle 1980s, at least 121 geothermal power plants were operating worldwide, most being of the dry steam type.
This 4-hour free course investigated the potential of the Earth's geothermal energy to replace, or reduce, the global dominance of fossil fuels.
This book focuses on the usage of geothermal energy in countries with low-enthalpy reservoirs. It begins with the fundamentals of geothermal energy and classification of geothermal resources and their importance, including enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Further, it discusses the creation, production, potential assessment, perspective analysis, life cycle, and environmental assessments of EGS. It describes applications in the field of geothermal energy with relevant case studies and introduces the application of machine learning techniques in the field of geothermal sectors. Features: Focuses on the development of low- to moderate-enthalpy geothermal resources Introduces machine learning tools and artificial intelligence as applied to geothermal energy Provides an understanding of geothermal energy resources and EGS Discusses the possibility of EGS using spallation and laser drilling Includes stimulation methods (thermal, hydraulic, chemical, and explosive) and case studies This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in geology, clean energy, geothermal energy, and thermal engineering.
Geothermal Energy Systems provides design and analysis methodologies by using exergy and enhanced exergy tools (covering exergoenvironmental, exergoeconomic, exergetic life cycle assessment, etc.), environmental impact assessment models, and sustainability models and approaches. In addition to presenting newly developed advanced and integrated systems for multigenerational purposes, the book discusses newly developed environmental impact assessment and sustainability evaluation methods and methodologies. With case studies for integrated geothermal energy sources for multigenerational aims, engineers can design and develop new geothermal integrated systems for various applications and discover the main advantages of design choices, system analysis, assessment and development of advanced geothermal power systems. Explains the ability of geothermal energy power systems to decrease global warming Discusses sustainable development strategies for using geothermal energy sources Provides new design conditions for geothermal energy sources-based district energy systems
Geothermal energy - a clean and reliable source of heat and electricity - will play a critical role in the clean energy transition alongside other renewable energy sources. Geothermal resources are widely available in areas with volcanic activity, as well as in sedimentary basins. With the recent accelerated deployment of variable power from wind and solar photovoltaic, geothermal can contribute to the stabilisation of electricity grids. In addition, geothermal energy technology has evolved beyond its focus on the electricity market to encompass a broader range of applications within the energy sector, including for sustainable heating and cooling. These attributes make geothermal a cost-effective and weather-independent source of renewable energy. Electricity generation from geothermal energy has grown at a modest rate of around 3.5% annually, reaching a total installed capacity of approximately 15.96 gigawatts electric (GWe) in 2021. Geothermal still accounts for a mere 0.5% of renewables-based installed capacity for electricity generation, and heating and cooling, globally.