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Impact Assessment is becoming part and parcel of an increasing number of development proposals in the UK and Europe. As the practice of Impact Assessment develops it becomes more standardized and good practice starts to be defined. However, the quality of Impact Assessment is still far from satisfactory. Expert Systems and GIS for Impact Assessment
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are computer systems for storing, displaying and analyzing spatial data. The past twenty years have seen a rapid growth in their use in government, commerce and academia, and they can be used for managing a network of utilities, from handling census data through to planning the location of a new supermarket. But how do they work? Stephen Wise has been a regular contributor to GeoEurope and his 'Back to Basics' articles have provided a clear and simple introduction to the inner workings of GIS for a non-specialist audience. He now presents the original articles with new material and provides a new coverage of both major types of GIS: vector and raster systems. Undergraduates and professionals who wish to improve their knowledge of GIS should get a better understanding of how GIS operate in the way that they do, such as how spatial data is stored on a computer, how the different methods affect the capabilities of the GIS, how basic operations performed and how the choice of algorithm affects the speed of the system.
The book deals with the integration of temporal information in Geographic Information Systems. The main purpose of an historical or time-integrative GIS is to reproduce spatio- temporal processes or sequents of events in the real world in the form of a model. The model thus making them accessible for spatial query, analysis and visualization. This volume reflects both theoretical thoughts on the interrelations of space and time, as well as practical examples taken from various fields of application (e.g. business data warehousing, demographics, history and spatial analysis).
The Practical Handbook of Digital Mapping Terms and Concepts offers easy-to-read, alphabetically cross-referenced terms, illustrated with maps (including 8 pages in full color) produced through digital mapping technology. Thorough explanations provide novices and experts alike with the most comprehensive study of its kind, drawing together terms and concepts from the business, academic, and development communities. One of the book's unique features is a practical introduction to digital mapping, explaining its original application in the international development community and the third world issue of guinea worm. This study is balanced by theoretical perspectives on digital mapping as well as possible directions for future exploration. Internally cross-referenced appendices cover topics often ignored in the conventional academic curriculum, but which are critical to success in other digital mapping arenas. These appendices discuss railroad terminology, desktop digital mapping (with French translation), maps on CD-ROM (with French translation), tools used in the global positioning system (with French translation), and Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems.
The way people normally view a GIS is 2-dimensional, a greatly limiting form. However, as developments occur within the field, researchers and practitioners are finding ways to make a GIS 3-dimensional, and in some instances even 4-dimensional. Being able to view a GIS in more than 2 dimensions greatly enhances its usability. This forward-lookin
This section gives a description of notions used throughout this study. Current achievements in developing action-centered ontologies are also discussed. 2.1 Ontologies In the context of information extraction and retrieval, different kinds of ontologies can be distinguished [15]: • Top-level ontologies describe very general concepts like space and time, not depending on a particular domain, • Domain ontologies and task ontologies describe the vocabulary related to a generic domain or kind of task, detailing the terms used in the top-level ontology, • Application ontologies describe the concepts that depend on the particular domain and task within a specific activity. Several investigations have been conducted to bring actions (tasks) to bear on - tologies. Among them are Chandrasekaran et al. [6] and Mizoguchi et al. [23] in the fields of AI and Knowledge Engineering. For the geospatial domain, Kuhn [21] and Raubal and Kuhn [26] have attempted to support human actions in ontologies for transportation. Acknowledging the importance of human actions in the geographic domain, a research workshop was held in 2002, bringing together experts from diff- ent disciplines to share the knowledge and work on this issue [1]. Camara [5], one of the workshop participants, has proposed that action-driven spatial ontologies are formed via category theory, for the case of emergency action plans.
Chapters: on heterogeneous GIS, architectures, spatial data models, transactions & database languages; database language SQL: emerging features for GIS applications; proposed spatial data handling extensions to SQL; a GIS perspective on spatial & object oriented extensions to SQL; conceptual folding & unfolding of spatial data for spatial queries. Illustrated.