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Geothermal Energy; East Mesa Geothermal Field; Geochemical Surveys; Geology; Geothermal Fluids; Geothermal Wells; Seismicity; Simulation; Chemical Composition; Scaling; Flow Rate; Salton Sea; Brines; Ammonia; Carbon Dioxide; Ground Subsidence; Performance Testing; Reinjection; Reservoir Pressure; Reservoir Temperature; Salton Sea Geothermal Field; Transients; California; Carbon Compounds; Carbon Oxides; Chalcogenides; Fluids; Geothermal Fields; Hydrides; Hydrogen Compounds; Imperial Valley; Nitrogen Compounds; Nitrogen Hydrides; North America; Oxides; Oxygen Compounds; Testing; USA; Wells; Western Region.
Since the Arab oil embargo of 1974, it has been clear that the days of almost limitless quantities of low-cost energy have passed. In addition, ever worsening pollution due to fossil fuel consumption, for instance oil and chemical spills, strip mining, sulphur emission and accumulation of solid wastes, has, among other things, led to an increase of as much as 10% in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in this century. This has induced a warming trend through the 'greenhouse effect' which prevents infrared radiation from leaving it. Many people think the average planetary temperatures may rise by 4°C or so by 2050. This is probably true since Antarctic ice cores evidence indicates that, over the last 160000 years, ice ages coincided with reduced levels of carbon dioxide and warmer interglacial episodes with increased levels of the gas in the atmosphere. Consequently, such an elevation of temperature over such a relatively short span of time would have catastrophic results in terms of rising sea level and associated flooding of vast tracts of low-lying lands. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels makes sense on both economic and environmental grounds. One of the most attractive alternatives is geothermal resources, especially in developing countries, for instance in El Salvador where geothermal energy provides about a fifth of total installed electrical power already. In fact, by the middle 1980s, at least 121 geothermal power plants were operating worldwide, most being of the dry steam type.
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering offers a comprehensive account of geothermal reservoir engineering and a guide to the state-of-the-art technology, with emphasis on practicality. Topics covered include well completion and warm-up, flow testing, and field monitoring and management. A case study of a geothermal well in New Zealand is also presented. Comprised of 10 chapters, this book opens with an overview of geothermal reservoirs and the development of geothermal reservoir engineering as a discipline. The following chapters focus on conceptual models of geothermal fields; simple models that illustrate some of the processes taking place in geothermal reservoirs under exploitation; measurements in a well from spudding-in up to first discharge; and flow measurement. The next chapter provides a case history of one well in the Broadlands Geothermal Field in New Zealand, with particular reference to its drilling, measurement, discharge, and data analysis/interpretation. The changes that have occurred in exploited geothermal fields are also reviewed. The final chapter considers three major problems of geothermal reservoir engineering: rapid entry of external cooler water, or return of reinjected water, in fractured reservoirs; the effects of exploitation on natural discharges; and subsidence. This monograph serves as both a text for students and a manual for working professionals in the field of geothermal reservoir engineering. It will also be of interest to engineers and scientists of other disciplines.
The collection of papers in this volume is a direct result of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Research Symposium on "Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: Methods and Case Histories" held as part of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention in New Orleans in March 1985. The original goal of the sym posium was to provide a forum where specialists from a variety of dis ciplines could present their views of methods that can be used to study the thermal history of a sedimentary basin or an important portion of a basin. An explicit part of that goal was to illustrate each method by presentation of a case history application. The original goal is addressed by the chapters in this volume, each of which emphasizes a somewhat different approach and gives field data in one way or another to illustrate the practical useful ness ofthe method. The significance of our relative ignorance of the thermal conductivities of sedimentary rocks, especially shales, in efforts to understand or model sedimentary basin thermal histories and maturation levels is a major thrust of the chapter by Blackwell and Steele. Creaney focuses on variations in kerogen composition in source rocks of different depositional environments and the degree to which these chem- . ically distinct kerogens respond differently to progressive burial heating.