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After two years of fighting, Great Britain felt confident that the American rebellion would be crushed in 1777, the "Year of the Hangman." Britain devised a bold new strategy. Turning its attention to the frontiers, Britain enlisted its provincial rangers and allied warriors, principally from the Iroquois Confederacy, to wage a brutal backwoods war in support of General John Burgoyne's offensive as it swept southward from Canada. With the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga, the Continental command decided to end any further threat along the frontier. In the award-winning Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Iroquois, historian Glenn F. Williams recreates the riveting events surrounding the largest coordinated American military action against American Indians during the Revolution, including the checkered story of European and Indian alliances, the bitter frontier wars, and the bloody battles of Oriskany and Newtown.
With an introduction by award-winning novelist Barbara Kingsolver In the late nineteenth century, when the great powers in Europe were tearing Africa apart and seizing ownership of land for themselves, King Leopold of Belgium took hold of the vast and mostly unexplored territory surrounding the Congo River. In his devastatingly barbarous colonization of this area, Leopold stole its rubber and ivory, pummelled its people and set up a ruthless regime that would reduce the population by half. . While he did all this, he carefully constructed an image of himself as a deeply feeling humanitarian. Winner of the Duff Cooper Prize in 1999, King Leopold’s Ghost is the true and haunting account of this man’s brutal regime and its lasting effect on a ruined nation. It is also the inspiring and deeply moving account of a handful of missionaries and other idealists who travelled to Africa and unwittingly found themselves in the middle of a gruesome holocaust. Instead of turning away, these brave few chose to stand up against Leopold. Adam Hochschild brings life to this largely untold story and, crucially, casts blame on those responsible for this atrocity.
The George Washington Masonic Cave near Charles Town, West Virginia, contains a signature carving of George Washington dated 1748. Although this inscription appears authentic, it has yet to be verified by historical accounts or scientific inquiry. Like all great legends, there is probably a kernel of truth to the Cave-but so too is there likely an aura of embellishment that developed over time. This book painstakingly pieces together the chronicled events and real estate archives related to the cavern in order to sort out fact from fiction. George Washington, the man, is justly remembered for his talents on the battlefield, in political arenas, and on his tobacco farms. He was also a smart surveyor and, by his own written account, a speleologist (that is, an explorer of caves). The Masonic Cave conveniently connects all of these fascinating chapters in the life story of Washington; through it, we can better view the transformation that occurred over the decades of the Virginian's life. From his entrance into the secretive Masonic fraternity as a precocious teen to his associations with scores of captivating characters ranging from Lafayette to Lord Fairfax, to his worldly ambitions that became transmuted into something much bolder and universal, to his strong sense of guilt and remorse as a slaveowner (along with a desire to end that horrid practice), to his struggles with disease and his own mortality, many of the lesser-known aspects of Washington's life are covered herein. Washington's biography is one of the most inspiring in American history. Meandering the dark passageways of the Cave brings us to an even closer appreciation of why that is so. Jason Williams, MD, grew up in California and Montana but now calls Virginia's Shenandoah Valley home. He is a board-certified psychiatrist who trained at Johns Hopkins Hospital and has subspecialty training in psychosomatic medicine. He is also a proud father of three young adults. As an intrepid, independent scholar of largely forgotten history, Dr. Williams staunchly believes studying the past can lead to personal development and growth, which empowers our collective future. Research findings elucidated in Brought to Light include: George Washington entered the Cave on multiple occurrences, and it was a place of some importance to him. Young Washington personally surveyed the land historically attached to the Cave. But due to an oversight on his part, the survey has wholly been neglected (until now). Circumstantial evidence suggests the Cave was used for Masonic meetings by Washington, two of his brothers, and other close allies. The men-a group of nine-purchased the Cave shortly before the Revolutionary War. These same Cave owners went on to become significant instigators in America's rebellion. Generals and other officers in Washington's army stopped by the Cave during the Revolutionary War, suggesting it may have served as an unofficial meeting place far from the battlefields but at hand to Washington's closest confidants and brothers (both biological and fraternal). While there is no direct or circumstantial evidence the "G Washington 1748" carving on the Cave's back wall is genuine, there are logical reasons why it may be. The Cave was discreetly handed down through the bloodline of a forgotten godson of George Washington during the 1800s. Letters connecting the Cave to the Washington family at Mount Vernon have been located. A bespoke relic that belonged to George Washington is tied to the Cave and the local Freemasons. Once thought to be lost but recently "rediscovered," this national treasure highlights the entire narrative of Washington's associations with the ancient fraternity and his quest for a democratic republic instilled with civil liberties, especially religious freedom. This is the greyscale edition.
DIVA collection of original writings and documents from British colonialism in Africa./div
"A lively fife and drum playing Yankee-Doodle-Dandy welcome the listener...A narrative tone that is sincere and respectful and a slow, even pace afford the young listener time to absorb facts." - AudioFile Magazine
The true story of the friendship between founding fathers George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. From the American Revolution to the nation's first tempestuous years, this history book tells the largely untold story of the men who built America from the ground up and changed US history. In the wake of the American Revolution, the Founding Fathers faced a daunting task: overcome their competing visions to build a new nation, the likes of which the world had never seen. As hostile debates raged over how to protect their new hard-won freedoms, two men formed an improbable partnership that would launch the fledgling United States: George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Washington and Hamilton chronicles the unlikely collaboration between these two conflicting characters at the heart of our national narrative: Washington, the indispensable general devoted to classical virtues, and Hamilton, an ambitious officer and lawyer eager for fame of the noblest kind. Working together, they laid the groundwork for the institutions that govern the United States to this day and protected each other from bitter attacks from Jefferson and Madison, who considered their policies a betrayal of the republican ideals they had fought for. Yet while Washington and Hamilton's different personalities often led to fruitful collaboration, their conflicting ideals also tested the boundaries of their relationship—and threatened the future of the new republic. From the rumblings of the American Revolution through the fractious Constitutional Convention and America's turbulent first years, this captivating history reveals the stunning impact of this unlikely duo that set the United States on the path to becoming a superpower. Ideal for fans of nonfiction best sellers Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow and The First Conspiracy by Brad Meltzer, Washington and Hamilton is a story of American history, political intrigue, and a friendship for the people.
After the Cold War, Africa earned the dubious distinction of being the world's most bloody continent. But how can we explain this proliferation of armed conflicts? What caused them and what were their main characteristics? And what did the world's governments do to stop them? In this fully revised and updated second edition of his popular text, Paul Williams offers an in-depth and wide-ranging assessment of more than six hundred armed conflicts which took place in Africa from 1990 to the present day - from the continental catastrophe in the Great Lakes region to the sprawling conflicts across the Sahel and the web of wars in the Horn of Africa. Taking a broad comparative approach to examine the political contexts in which these wars occurred, he explores the major patterns of organized violence, the key ingredients that provoked them and the major international responses undertaken to deliver lasting peace. Part I, Contexts provides an overview of the most important attempts to measure the number, scale and location of Africa's armed conflicts and provides a conceptual and political sketch of the terrain of struggle upon which these wars were waged. Part II, Ingredients analyses the role of five widely debated features of Africa's wars: the dynamics of neopatrimonial systems of governance; the construction and manipulation of ethnic identities; questions of sovereignty and self-determination; as well as the impact of natural resources and religion. Part III, Responses, discusses four major international reactions to Africa's wars: attempts to build a new institutional architecture to help promote peace and security on the continent; this architecture's two main policy instruments, peacemaking initiatives and peace operations; and efforts to develop the continent. War and Conflict in Africa will be essential reading for all students of international peace and security studies as well as Africa's international relations.