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The present volume A4 of the "Uranium" series of the Gmelin Handbook deals with two very important technological aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle: - the behavior of fuel elements during burnup in a nuclear reactor, and - the reprocessing of spent fuel to recover the non-fissioned uranium and newly created materials. The usefullifetime of a fuel element in a nuclear reactor depends strongly on the change of its chemical and physical properties during irradiation. Properties like thermal conductivity, swelling, creep, and oxygen-to-metal ratio are strongly affected by the intense neutron field and the energetic fission products. Furthermore, the high temperature gradient in a fuel element also produces alterations of the initial fuel. such as densification or U: Pu segregation. All of these effects are thoroughly discussed for the different kinds of fuels to be used in modern nuclear reactors today or in the future. The vast amount of very often Contradietory results in sometimes difficultly obtainable Iiterature has been summarized to create a compendium in this field with the two sections, on oxide and on carbide and nitride fuels, respectively. The chapters on reprocessing of spent fuels deal only with fuel elements of the uranium 235 thorium fuel cycle and with those containing fuel highly enriched in U. The treatment of U0 2 and (U,Pu)0 has already been given in the transuranic element series.
Trace Analysis of Semiconductor Materials is a guidebook concerned with procedures of ultra-trace analysis. This book discusses six distinct techniques of trace analysis. These techniques are the most common and can be applied to various problems compared to other methods. Each of the four chapters basically includes an introduction to the principles and general statements. The theoretical basis for the technique involved is then briefly discussed. Practical applications of the techniques and the different instrumentations are explained. Then, the applications to trace analysis as pertaining to semiconductor materials are discussed. Chapter 1 discusses radiochemical practice, the analysis of semiconductor materials, separation techniques, several qualitative radiochemical schemes, radiochemical purification procedures, and several earlier reported studies. Chapter 2 covers emission spectroscopy, including its potential for future applications. Discussions in Chapter 3 explain the benefits of each of the four mass spectrometric methods, namely, the isotope dilution method, complete thermal vaporization, vacuum spark technique, and the ion bombardment method. Chapter 4 focuses on the absorption, fluorescence, and polarographic methods used in general trace analysis, including examples of semiconductor material applications and other problems that result when certain impurities are introduced into the test sample. This monograph will be useful for researchers in ultra-trace analysis, nuclear physics, and analytical chemistry.
Progress in the Science and Technology of the Rare Earths, Volume 1 is a 16-chapter text that brings together significant advances in understanding the scientific and technological aspects of rare earths. The first chapters deal with the geochemical properties, mass extraction, separation, fractionation, and solution chemistry of rare earths (RE). The next chapter related the U.S.S.R. efforts in delineating the chemistry of RE and in the discovery of other groups of substances for separation of RE mixtures. These topics are followed by discussions on phase equilibrium properties of RE and other oxides in mixed systems; the crystal chemistry of RE derivatives; physical and structural properties of alloys and intermetallic compounds; and the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of RE chalcogenides. The final chapter discusses the technical, industrial, and commercial applications of RE, with emphasis on their metallurgical potential. This book is of value to inorganic and organic chemists and researchers in the allied fields.
The Technical Applications of Radioactivity, Volume 1 reviews the technical applications of radioactivity, with emphasis on the potentialities of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry for the peaceful development of industrial productivity. Topics covered range from measurement of radioactivity to the production and chemistry of radio elements, as well as the application of radioactivity in chemical analysis and in the mining, metallurgical, electrical, and engineering industries. Comprised of 13 chapters, this volume first deals with the fundamentals of modern atomic theory, followed by an introduction to the basic facts of radioactivity, the methods used for measuring it, and chemical operations with radioactive substances. Subsequent chapters focus on the use of radioactivity in chemical analysis, hydrology, and water supply, and in industries such as mining and oil production, engineering, and chemical sectors, along with forestry and agriculture. The final chapter looks at precautions in the use of radioactive materials to protect research workers, physicians, and other personnel against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This book is written for scientists and scientific or technical workers.