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A detailed discussion of the need to conserve medicinal plants and their environments.
The recent development of ideas on biodiversity conservation was already being considered almost three-quarters of a century ago for crop plants and the wild species related to them, by the Russian geneticist N.!. Vavilov. He was undoubtedly the first scientist to understand the impor tance for humankind of conserving for utilization the genetic diversity of our ancient crop plants and their wild relatives from their centres of diversity. His collections showed various traits of adaptation to environ mental extremes and biotypes of crop diseases and pests which were unknown to most plant breeders in the first quarter of the twentieth cen tury. Later, in the 1940s-1960s scientists began to realize that the pool of genetic diversity known to Vavilov and his colleagues was beginning to disappear. Through the replacement of the old, primitive and highly diverse land races by uniform modem varieties created by plant breed ers, the crop gene pool was being eroded. The genetic diversity of wild species was equally being threatened by human activities: over-exploita tion, habitat destruction or fragmentation, competition resulting from the introduction of alien species or varieties, changes and intensification of land use, environmental pollution and possible climate change.
A total of 275 methanol extracts from edible Indonesian and Malaysian plants were screened for their in vitro anti-tumor-promoting activities by using the tumor promoter 12-O-hexadecanoylphorbol-concentration of 200 ug/mL, 70% of the total extracts inhibited EBV activation by 30% or more. The rate is comparable to and much higher than those observed in our previous tests of edible Thai (60%) and Japanese (26%) plants respectively. Zerumbone, a humulene-type sesquiterpene, was then isolated from the thizomes of Zingiber zerumbet as a potent inhibitor of EBV activation in Raji cells (IC50 = 0.14 uM). In addition, 19 species of plant food-items of wild primates in Pangandaran, Indonesia, were tested, and 6 species, Alsophi glauca, Cinnamomum sintoc, Saurauia cauliflora, Rubus alpestris, Toona sureni, and Litsea cubeba, were found to be highly active.