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Informal and unregulated economic activities remain an important feature of Mindanao's economy. Despite its enduring presence, the informal economy has largely been overlooked in the analysis of Mindanao's conflict dynamics. As a result, little is understood about the informal economy's impact on armed violence, development, and governance. This study, which represents the first attempt to incorporate the informal economy into the broader analysis of the region, argues that one cannot comprehend Mindanao's political and economic challenges, let alone address them, unless these shadow economies are scrutinized further.
Essay from the year 2021 in the subject Ethnology / Cultural Anthropology, grade: 1,0, University of Copenhagen, course: South Asia: Reason and Religion, language: English, abstract: This paper connects the topic of feminist identity with national conflicts and compares two regions in Asia with current nationalistic tendencies. The paper focuses on the regions of Kashmir in Northern India and Mindanao in the Southern Philippines. This seemed appropriate, as both regions share a range of commonalities concerning their specific (post-)colonial development. The paper will investigate common – but also diverging – aspects by focusing on the Hindu / Christian 'self' and the Muslim 'other', the forced annexation by the state and the major political changes from the 2000s. As a second step, the author decided to focus on the role of Muslim women in the conflict situations in Kashmir and Mindanao. While exploring female agency in religio-political movements in India during the course, this essay wanted to find out about its counterpart in the Philippines. In this regard, the guiding questions were: What different forms of female agency can be found in Kashmir and Mindanao? How can Muslim women articulate their activism within a male dominated society? What are the prerequisites in order to enable emancipatory female activism in a conflict area? And what influence do Modi’s and Duterte’s hyper-masculine politics have on female agency? These questions will be approached by analysing the ethnographic research conducted in Kashmir and Mindanao.
The story of men who are hurting—and hurting America by their absence Man Out describes the millions of men on the sidelines of life in the United States. Many of them have been pushed out of the mainstream because of an economy and society where the odds are stacked against them; others have chosen to be on the outskirts of twenty-first-century America. These men are disconnected from work, personal relationships, family and children, and civic and community life. They may be angry at government, employers, women, and "the system" in general—and millions of them have done time in prison and have cast aside many social norms. Sadly, too many of these men are unsure what it means to be a man in contemporary society. Wives or partners reject them; children are estranged from them; and family, friends, and neighbors are embarrassed by them. Many have disappeared into a netherworld of drugs, alcohol, poor health, loneliness, misogyny, economic insecurity, online gaming, pornography, other off-the-grid corners of the internet, and a fantasy world of starting their own business or even writing the Great American novel. Most of the men described in this book are poorly educated, with low incomes and often with very few prospects for rewarding employment. They are also disproportionately found among millennials, those over 50, and African American men. Increasingly, however, these lost men are discovered even in tony suburbs and throughout the nation. It is a myth that men on the outer corners of society are only lower-middle-class white men dislocated by technology and globalization. Unlike those who primarily blame an unjust economy, government policies, or a culture sanctioning "laziness," Man Out explores the complex interplay between economics and culture. It rejects the politically charged dichotomy of seeing such men as either victims or culprits. These men are hurting, and in turn they are hurting families and hurting America. It is essential to address their problems. Man Out draws on a wide range of data and existing research as well as interviews with several hundred men, women, and a wide variety of economists and other social scientists, social service providers and physicians, and with employers, through a national online survey and in-depth fieldwork in several communities.