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A delicate exploration of the discrimination that gender-diverse people face, this book analyzes the relationship between gender identity and performance in the workplace while considering the emotional and economic survival of those who identify as transgender. The transgender community is more visible now than ever before, but the diversity within this community has remained obscure in the workplace as organizations, corporations, and institutions struggle to keep up with the rate at which transgender communities are gaining visibility. For leaders seeking best practices related to bathroom access, workplace transition, hiring practices, inclusive workplace culture, and more, this book offers guidance and novel policy recommendations designed to ensure the success of transgender employees. Extending the existing theoretical literature on masculinity in the workplace, gender discrimination, and gender performance, the book introduces the new concept of "doing ambiguity." It contains original research complemented by humanizing narratives from transgender people that provide insights into rarely explored non-binary, gender-fluid, and genderless experiences. In addition, it identifies factors that may preclude and minimize discrimination, including strategies pursued by transgender people at the individual level as well as policies employed at the organization level, and outlines a pragmatic set of policy recommendations for employers, community leaders, and others looking to help transgender people thrive in organizational environments.
A delicate exploration of the discrimination that gender-diverse people face, this book analyzes the relationship between gender identity and performance in the workplace while considering the emotional and economic survival of those who identify as transgender. The transgender community is more visible now than ever before, but the diversity within this community has remained obscure in the workplace as organizations, corporations, and institutions struggle to keep up with the rate at which transgender communities are gaining visibility. For leaders seeking best practices related to bathroom access, workplace transition, hiring practices, inclusive workplace culture, and more, this book offers guidance and novel policy recommendations designed to ensure the success of transgender employees. Extending the existing theoretical literature on masculinity in the workplace, gender discrimination, and gender performance, the book introduces the new concept of "doing ambiguity." It contains original research complemented by humanizing narratives from transgender people that provide insights into rarely explored non-binary, gender-fluid, and genderless experiences. In addition, it identifies factors that may preclude and minimize discrimination, including strategies pursued by transgender people at the individual level as well as policies employed at the organization level, and outlines a pragmatic set of policy recommendations for employers, community leaders, and others looking to help transgender people thrive in organizational environments.
Over the course of my in-depth qualitative research with 25 gender-nonconforming individuals in the San Francisco Bay Area, I have exhaustively documented a wide array of trans narratives, each one unique, complex, and nuanced. The goal of the research was to document the nature of the discrimination contemporary gender-nonconforming individuals face in the workplace, explore patterns between different types of gender nonconformity and discrimination, and describe the participants' strategies for managing this discrimination. The extensive discrimination overview I have provided reveals the myriad ways in which gender-nonconforming people are discriminated against in hiring practices and in the workplace. Strategies for avoiding and reducing discrimination reveal the equally diverse ways in which gender-nonconforming people navigate this discrimination. My research shows that discrimination towards gender-nonconforming identities and expressions, as well as the discrimination-reduction strategies they utilize, are organized by the widely believed cultural ideas that masculinity is superior to other gender expressions and that adherence to the gender binary is desirable and appropriate. While masculinity is usually favored in the workplace, it is not always true that all men by default experience better treatment than all women. Often those perceived as masculine women experience more positive workplace treatment than those perceived as men displaying non-hegemonic masculinities. The experiences of trans men with alternative masculinities and trans women who are perceived to be crossdressing men both suggest that masculinity by default is not always superior. Rather, masculinity that strives toward hegemonic performance is rewarded, while masculinity that strays is punished. In the context of trans identities, this often means that a trans person's relationship with masculinity is likely to be tenuous. Despite an increase in trans visibility that reveals the mutable and fluid nature of gender, most cisgender folks nevertheless maintain a belief that gender is fundamentally fixed and binary. Non-binary individuals often "do ambiguity, " or purposefully perform an ambiguous gender expression in attempt to have their non-binary identity socially validated. However, because non-binary and gender-fluid identities and expressions are unlikely to be recognized as legitimate, gender-ambiguous people are often pressured to "just pick one" constant and binary gender expression. Binary and consistent gender presentations are privileged over ambiguous and fluid expressions. Patterns in strategies to avoid and reduce discrimination support the ideas that masculinity is superior and that consistent and binary expressions are deemed desirable and appropriate in the workplace. Butch women and passing trans men described strategies to reduce discrimination far less often than trans women, gender-binary people, and gender-fluid folks. I document various discrimination-reduction strategies, including concealing gender identity and modifying gender expression, modifying interactions with coworkers and clients, perusing intentional job changes, and utilizing support systems. Only a handful of discrimination-reducing strategies were successful for both the individual and the greater trans community. Critically, these strategies relied on pre-existing situational factors that made workplace discrimination reduction possible in the short and long-term, allowed gender-nonconforming individuals to be authentic in the workplace, and positively affected the larger trans community through challenging misconceptions and celebrating visibility. Apart from the presence of trans-inclusive workplace policies, which tended to primarily benefit binary-identifying trans folks, the largest situational factor that predicted this type of far-reaching discrimination reduction was the presence of authority figures that legitimized and supported authentic gender-nonconforming identities and expressions in the workplace.
Dysfunction in the workplace, like a bully culture, affects women and men differently. This book represents a broad spectrum of disciplines including law, management, communications, human resource management and industrial/organizational psychology and offers integrative, cross-disciplinary inquiries into the many roles gender plays in organizational dysfunction. The authors provoke new questions and new streams of research, with the ultimate goal of contributing to healthier workplaces for men and women alike. This book looks at counterproductive work behavior including aggression, bullying, incivility, sexual harassment, sexual orientation harassment and absenteeism, and the effects of job stress on mental health and well-being from the perspective of gender – the gender of actors, targets and observers of abusive interpersonal behaviors; gender–race interactions; gender-related characteristics of workplace conflict, communication and stress; socio-economic factors such as occupational expectations and roles outside the workplace; and ambiguities in the law. Gender and the Dysfunctional Workplace brings together a broad, multi-disciplinary collection of authors who weigh in on topics from whether workplace bullying is status- or gender-blind to the ramifications of absenteeism on women and their careers. These scholars contribute very different approaches and conceptualizations of counterproductive work behavior, the result of which is a dynamic and pioneering appraisal of the field and innovative musings on its future. Instructors, students and researchers in the areas of counterproductive work behavior, women's studies, occupational health and stress, and conflict resolution will find this an enlightening and thought-provoking treatise on a topic that, with the help of research like that found here, will hopefully soon see less prevalence in the workplace and beyond.
Features sociological research and theory on gender and sexuality in the workplace, and identifies how organizations can achieve a gender-balanced and sexually-diverse work force. This book discusses such topics as: gender discrimination and the wage gap; homophobic and 'gay friendly' workplaces; sexual harassment; and, sex in the workplace.
A timely work that reviews the phenomenon of gender and its many manifestations of equality. Well-suited for increasing awareness and justice in academic and professional environments, this collective work addresses long-standing and ongoing social problems such as discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice, as well as a plethora of societal and industry influences that sustain the trend of gender imbalance. Aiming to span a broad scope in time, backgrounds and implementation, this book presents a wide variety of topics, including a historical overview, contemporary gender-based Issues, gender approaches across the disciplines, and cultural influences. The reader is guaranteed to confront existing biases when digesting topics related to gender communication differences, stereotypes, tensions and resistances, assigned social roles, transgenderism, non-binary identities, tension fields between equality and equity, relational aggression, and more. A critical underlying aim of this book is to contribute constructively and progressively to the dialogue on the definition of gender, thus addressing an ongoing challenge for policy makers, organizational leaders, and scholars.
In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, many private employers in the United States enacted fetal protection policies that barred fertile women--that is, women who had not been surgically sterilized--from working in jobs that might expose fetuses to toxins. In Fetal Rights, Women's Rights, Suzanne Samuels analyzes these policies and the ambiguous responses to them by federal and state courts, legislatures, administrative agencies, litigants, and interest groups. She poses provocative questions about the implicit links between social welfare concerns and paternalism in the workplace, including: are women workers or wombs? Placing the fetal protection controversy within the larger societal debate about gender roles, Samuels argues that governmental decision-makers confuse sex, which is based solely on biological characteristics, with gender, which is based on societal conceptions. She contends that the debate about fetal protection policies brought this ambiguity into stark relief, and that the response of policy-makers was rooted in assumptions about gender roles. Judges, legislators, and regulators used gender as a proxy, she argues, to sidestep the question of whether fetal protection policies could be justified by the biological differences between women and men. The fetal protection controversy raises a number of concerns about women's role in the workplace. Samuels discusses the effect on governmental policies of the ongoing controversy over abortion rights and the debates between egalitarian and relational feminists about the treatment of women at work. A timely and engrossing study, Fetal Rights, Women's Rights details the pattern of gender politics in the United States and demonstrates the broader ramifications of gender bias in the workplace.
The first of its kind in addressing appearance and careers with varying approaches and across a diverse range of concepts, this Handbook provides an essential overview of the unspoken impact that personal presentation and assumptions can have on how employees are perceived and ultimately progress in their careers.
Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration aims to spark productive conversations and questions about gender and serve as a resource for exploring answers to many of those questions. Rather than providing definitive answers, this book aims to challenge students’ preconceptions about gender and demonstrate how gender as a system creates and reinforces inequality. Taking a global approach, author Robyn Ryle uses both historical and cross-cultural approaches to help students understand the socially constructed nature of gender. Through examining contemporary topics, including the #MeToo movement, sexual harassment in the workplace, and the gender wage gap, students will be prompted to think critically about past, present, and future gender-related issues. The Fifth Edition has been updated with expanded coverage of disability as it relates to gender, discussion of issues related to transgender and nonbinary people, and examination of the COVID-19 pandemic′s gender-related effects, as well as updated data throughout.
Inspiring conversations, advancing together. Women often face unique challenges in the workplace, from navigating the wage gap and facing unfair biases to coping with interrupting colleagues and worrying about imposter syndrome. How can you rise above it all and forge a clear path to success? The HBR Women at Work Series Collection brings together strategies and advice to help women advance in their careers. This specially priced collection features You, the Leader, which examines how you can stand out as an aspiring female leader while overcoming the obstacles you face as you chart your way to the top; Speak Up, Speak Out, which will help you be heard in conversations large and small and discover ways to raise issues without raising your voice; and Making Real Connections, which will take you beyond transactional networking and superficial small talk to create valuable work relationships built on trust. Featuring detailed discussion guides, this collection will spark important conversations about where we're at and how to move forward. The HBR Women at Work series spotlights the real challenges and opportunities women experience throughout their careers. With interviews from the popular podcast of the same name and related articles, stories, and research, these books provide inspiration and advice for taking on topics at work like inequity, advancement, and building community. Featuring detailed discussion guides, this series will help you spark important conversations about where we're at and how to move forward.