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This SAE Recommended Practice presents recommendations for test fuels and fluids that can be used to simulate real world fuels. The use of standardized test fluids is required in order to limit the variability found in commercial fuels and fluids. Commercial fuels can vary substantially between manufacturers, batches, seasons, and geographic location. Further, standardized test fluids are universally available and will promote consistent test results for materials testing. Therefore, this document: aExplains commercial automotive fuel components bDefines standardized components of materials test fluids cDefines a nomenclature for test fluids dDescribes handling and usage of test fuels eRecommends fluids for testing fuel system materialsThe test fluid compositions specified in Section 7 of this document are recommended solely for evaluating materials. They are not intended for other activities, such as engine development, design verification, or process validation unless agreed upon by the contracting parties. Most marketplace fuels contain additives for such purposes as oxidation stability, intake and combustion chamber deposit control, anti-foaming, electrostatics, octane, corrosion mitigation, etc., applied at a parts per million basis. It is not the intention of this document to include a surrogate for the potential effects of these additives. As far as this committee is aware, current additives do not adversely affect fuel system materials. Those contemplating new or improved additives for future applications could use the basic test fluids or fuels from this document, and specify the fuel is to be unadditized in order to inject such additives and use the resulting mixtures to assess whether these new additives might affect fuel system materials.For the purposes of this document, the term FUEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied to mixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels. SAE J1681 recommends fuels and fluids to be used for materials testing and defines the quality specifications for the recommended test liquids. The test fuels, fluids, and recommendations have been updated to address the variety of potential feedstock sources, the oxidative instability of biodiesel fuels, and the potential mechanisms of chemical and physical attack on fuel system materials. The 2019 revision is completely reorganized to focus on fluid specifications rather than recipes and nomenclature.
Highlighting more than a decade of research, this one-of-a-kind reference reviews the production, processing, and characteristics of a wide range of materials utilized in the modern tire and rubber industry. Rubber Compounding investigates the chemistry and modification of raw materials, elastomers, and material compounds for optimal formulation an
The last three chapters of this book deal with application of methods presented in previous chapters to estimate various thermodynamic, physical, and transport properties of petroleum fractions. In this chapter, various methods for prediction of physical and thermodynamic properties of pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures, petroleum fractions, crude oils, natural gases, and reservoir fluids are presented. As it was discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, properties of gases may be estimated more accurately than properties of liquids. Theoretical methods of Chapters 5 and 6 for estimation of thermophysical properties generally can be applied to both liquids and gases; however, more accurate properties can be predicted through empirical correlations particularly developed for liquids. When these correlations are developed with some theoretical basis, they are more accurate and have wider range of applications. In this chapter some of these semitheoretical correlations are presented. Methods presented in Chapters 5 and 6 can be used to estimate properties such as density, enthalpy, heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure. Characterization methods of Chapters 2-4 are used to determine the input parameters needed for various predictive methods. One important part of this chapter is prediction of vapor pressure that is needed for vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations of Chapter 9.
Representative fuel-resistant elastomers, plastics, and metals were evaluated for compatibility with commercial gasolines, diesel fuel, ASTM test fuels, and blends thereof with ethanol and methanol at several concentration levels. The test program was designed to ascertain the effects of the fuels on the materials as well as the effects, if any, of the materials on the fuels. Results were analyzed and interpreted of significant changes in the performance characteristics of the materials and the fuels which would be indicative of potential incompatibilities for use in end items of military equipment.
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to determining worst-case fuel or test fluid surrogate, conditioning test specimens in worst-case fuel(s)/surrogate(s) prior to testing, individual tests for properties of polymeric materials exposed to oxygenate fuel/surrogate mixtures with additives. The determination of equilibrium, as well as typical calculations are also covered. This revision is made to expand the applicability of this document to include all types of gasoline and diesel fuel types and their blends with various commercially available oxygenated additives.