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Most of the matter in our solar system, and, probably, within the whole universe, exists in the form of ionized particles. On the other hand, in our natural environ ment, gaseous matter generally consists of neutral atoms and molecules. Only under certain conditions, such as within the path oflightning or in several technical devices (e. g. gas discharges, rocket engines, etc. ) will some of the atoms and molecules be ionized. It is also believed that the chemistry of the earth's troposphere predomi nantly proceeds via reactions between neutral particles. (The complex system of atmospheric chemistry will be treated in one of the forthcoming volumes to this series. ) Why, then, are ions considered so important that hundreds oflaboratories all over the world (including some of the most prestigious) are involved in research pro grams on ions, covering many different facets, from biochemistry to physics? One may obtain as many different answers as there are research groups busy in this field. There is, however, one simple, common feature which makes it attractive to work with ions: since they carry one or more net elementary charges, they can easily be gui ded, focused or separated by appropriate electric and magnetic fields, and, last but not least, they can easily be detected. Apart from these advantages, which are welcome and appreciated by the researcher, the study of molecular ions can provide insight into very fundamental aspects of the general behavior of molecules.
Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science.
Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry provides the chemical community with authoritative and critical assessments of the many aspects of physical organic chemistry. The field is a fast developing one, with results and methodologies finding application from biology to solid state physics. The previous volumes in this serial constitute a lasting record of this field and will continue to do so as they are widely used and cited. The serial has maintained high levels of quality and utility over the years. Volume 35, devoted to the study of carbocations and free radicals, includes contributions on excess acidities, the relationship between structure and organic reactivity, electron transfer, bond-breaking and formation, donor/acceptor organizations, and the electron-transfer paradigm for organic reactivity. Readers will also benefit from the comprehensive subject and citation index.
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
During the last two decades there has been considerable growth in the development of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a practical method in the study of reaction mechanisms. This method allows the interception and characterization of key intermediates, either as transient species or as protonated/deprotonated forms of neutral species by API-MS. The outstanding features and advantages of ESI-MS make it one of the most suitable tools for the fast screening of intermediates directly from solution, providing hitherto unavailable chemical information to organic chemists. This monograph provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in ESI-MS, the historical perspectives before looking further in-depth at specific reactions and intermediates. Written by researchers in the field, this book is an unique resource for the understanding of this cutting-edge technique.