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High-performance computing refers to the use of advanced computing technologies to solve highly complex problems in the shortest possible time. The federal High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) attempts to accelerate availability and use of high performance computers and networks. The House Armed Services Committee asked the General Accounting Office (GAO) to assess this program, particularly the agency's distribution of advanced computers to research sites, its interaction with the research community, and the balance between hardware and software. Interviews with agency and industry representatives and a review of documents were conducted. Results indicate that the ARPA has fostered significant advances, but with several shortcomings. Placing of new computers has focused on just a few machines. Limited interactions with the technical community may be hindering progress toward ambitious program goals. Much progress has been made in hardware development, but software remains too primitive to make massively parallel processing systems useful. Recommendations for improvement are presented. Four appendixes provide details about methodology, placement of machines, and project selection, and list contributors to the report. Five tables contain study findings, and two figures illustrate computer applications and product selection. (SLD)
High Performance Computing Systems and Applications contains fully refereed papers from the 15th Annual Symposium on High Performance Computing. These papers cover both fundamental and applied topics in HPC: parallel algorithms, distributed systems and architectures, distributed memory and performance, high level applications, tools and solvers, numerical methods and simulation, advanced computing systems, and the emerging area of computational grids. High Performance Computing Systems and Applications is suitable as a secondary text for graduate level courses, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.
In January 2002, the President announced that the control threshold above which computers exported to countries such as China, India, and Russia would increase from 85,000 MTOPS to 190,000 MTOPS. When the President changes the threshold, the National Defense Authorization Act of 1998 requires that the President provide a justification to Congress. The justification should, at a minimum, address the extent to which computers capable of performance between the established and newly proposed level of performance are available from other countries, address all their potential military uses, and assess the impact of such uses on U.S. national security interests. A related law also requires that we assess the executive branch's proposed changes. The justification for the President's January 2002 change to the control threshold for high performance computers was presented in a December 28, 2001, report to Congress. Thus, we (1) assessed the President's justification for the decision as presented in the December 2001 report and (2) identified other issues relevant to the decision to change the control threshold. To address these issues, we reviewed the statutory requirements for the justification, the documentation used by executive branch officials to support the conclusions presented in the report, and export control regulations pertaining to high performance computers. In addition, we obtained information from the 10 manufacturers listed in the President's report on the availability of high performance computers having the specifications described in the report. The information obtained from the manufacturers was supplemented with additional information obtained from a leading information technology industry market research organization. We also interviewed officials from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, and State who were responsible for producing the President's report.
Maintaining the United States' strong lead in information technology will require continued federal support of research in this area, most of which is currently funded under the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI). The Initiative has already accomplished a great deal and should be continued. This book provides 13 major recommendations for refining both HPCCI and support of information technology research in general. It also provides a good overview of the development of HPCC technologies.