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Galenical pharmacy or galenics is the science dealing with the pro duction of drug substances from raw materials, the purity of such substances, their formulation into pharmaceutical preparations with the desired effects and safety in use, and the quality control, stability and storage of the preparations. The field has taken its name from the Greek physician Galen (131-201 A.D.), who had a profound influence on medicine for many centuries because he collected and systematized the medicinal knowledge of his time. The discovery of insulin is attributed to Banting and Best who, in 1921, prepared an extract of the pancreas of the fetal calf and showed that the extract was capable of reducing the blood sugar level of a diabetic dog. This outstanding discovery gave rise to the rapid develop ment of the manufacture of insulin of bovine and porcine origin. By 1925, two Danish manufacturers of insulin preparations were established; both have since been in the forefront ofthe development of insulin preparations, the latest achievement being the marketing of human insulin by Novo in 1982. The development of highly purified human insulin produced semisynthetically from porcine insulin or by DNA recombinant methods are significant contributions to safe and efficient insulin therapy. Insulin is a protein which is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract.
Concise summary of diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Intended for medical students, house officers, and practicing physicians. Contains updated information, as well as a new index to tables. Poisons are arranged according to type, i.e., agricultural, household, medicinal, industrial, and natural hazards. Clinical findings, prevention, treatment, prognosis, and references are given in the entries. General index.
This is the first volume to make available specific case histories of therapeutic proteins and peptides that have been marketed or are currently under clinical testing. The editors have selected a wide range of molecules derived from monoclonal antibodies, recombinant DNA, and natural and chemical sources to provide formulation scientists with practical examples of the development of pharmaceutical products.
The discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921-22 was one of the most dramatic events in the history of the treatment of disease. Insulin was a wonder-drug with ability to bring patients back from the very brink of death, and it was no surprise that in 1923 the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to its discoverers, the Canadian research team of Banting, Best, Collip, and Macleod. In this engaging and award-winning account, historian Michael Bliss recounts the fascinating story behind the discovery of insulin – a story as much filled with fiery confrontation and intense competition as medical dedication and scientific genius. Originally published in 1982 and updated in 1996, The Discovery of Insulin has won the City of Toronto Book Award, the Jason Hannah Medal of the Royal Society of Canada, and the William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine.
In the early 1980s synthetic 'human' insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology came onto the market. Despite an acknowledgment by the manufacturers regarding the potential dangers of 'human' insulin they soon began to withdraw bovine and porcine insulin from markets all over the world, and promoted more expensive 'human' insulins as a superior replacement. Diabetics had no option but to effectively switch to the new synthetic insulins and often they received little or no information about their potentially life-threatening side effects. In the first part of this book the author provides fundamental information about insulin therapy and its history. A detailed discussion of the hazards confronting some diabetic patients when using 'human' insulin follows. Due to more pronounced hypoglycemia symptoms animal insulin can be regarded as safer than 'human' insulin for 10-20% of diabetic patients. The last part of this publication looks at the pharmaceutical industry's decision to withdraw animal insulin from the market and describes the struggles of a new global movement to secure its continued availability. This book not only provides potentially vital background information for those who depend on insulin, but also deserves the attention of professionals who prescribe or distribute this medication. It can also serve as a reference for patient advocates, relevant government departments and pharmaceutical companies.
In this era of biotechnology there have been many books covering the fundamentals of recombinant DNA technology and protein chemistry. However, not many sources are available for the pharmaceutical develop ment scientist and other personnel responsible for the commercialization of the finished dosage forms of these new biopharmaceuticals and other products from biotechnology. This text will help to fill this gap. Once active biopharmaceutical molecules are candidates for clinical trial investigation and subsequent commercialization, a number of other activities must take place while research and development on these molecules continues. The active ingredient itself must be formulated into a finished dosage form that can be conveniently used by health care professionals and patients. Properties of the biopharmaceutical molecule must be clearly understood so that the appropriate finished product formulation can be developed. Finished product formulation development includes not only the chemical formulation, but also the packaging system, the manufacturing process, and appropriate control strategies to assure such good manufacturing practice attributes as safety, identity, strength, purity, and quality.
There are more than 500 biopharmaceuticals on the market, including more than 200 therapeutic proteins, making biologics the fastest growing sector in the biopharmaceutical market. These products include more than 40 monoclonal antibodies, for indications ranging from treatment or mitigation of various types of cancer to rheumatoid arthritis. The c
Bioactive peptides are used to enhance the body's antioxidant status, antisepsis capacity, immune function, anti-inflammatory capacity, mineral absorption, and appetite. They can also mitigate major metabolic derangements arising from chronic illnesses which result in unwanted weight loss. Presenting data from human studies, clinical trials, and recent research findings, this work summarizes the applications and benefits of this therapy. The book covers host response, quality factors, protein economics, and muscle loss. It includes case studies on aging, AIDS, COPD, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney failure, and tuberculosis.
Since ocular therapeutics and drug delivery is a subject of interest to specialists from various disciplines such as chemical, biochemical, medical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological, it truly presents a unique situation requiring a multi-disciplinary approach in understanding and addressing various problems. Yet we see that scientists associated with these areas are working, by and large, independently of one another, thus limiting dissemination of knowledge, experience and ideas that would greatly enhance the overall progress in this area of research. Regrettably, the information currently available in ocular therapeutics and drug delivery, though extensive, is still fragmented into various disciplines making meaningful synthesis difficult. Several books are available that cover one or two aspects of the multi-disciplinary fields on an individual basis; however, none is available that covers all of them. The chapters contained in this book are specific to various interrelated areas of ocular therapeutics and drug delivery and are written by acknowledged experts from both academia and industry. The book itself is divided into five parts, namely: (I) overview,basic principles, and methodology; (II) pathopharmacology and clinical applications; (III) chemical/ biochemical approaches to ocular drug delivery; (IV) formulation and drug delivery considerations; and (V) industrial and regulatory considerations. Individual chapters in each section, apart from presenting a concise text, entail an extensive listing of references.