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The two hydrocarbon structures exhibiting the most promise as candidate high temperature fuels are the alkyl-substituted monocyclics and the alkyl substituted condensed bicyclics. For specialized fuels, the isoparaffin structure best suits the requirements for a weight-limited fuel application whereas for an extreme high density fuel the condensed tricyclic structure exhibits the best compromise of properties. The preliminary results of a vapor fuels study indicate that the basic condensed bicyclic structure once again offers the most promise for an advanced vapor fuel. Research has indicated that a vapor fuel will extend the flight speed of advanced systems beyond mach 5. For greater speeds or for desirable additional cooling below Mach 5, a type of endothermic fuel will be required. The primary contribution of the endothermic fuels program is that the feasibility of conducting this type of reaction under conditions to be encountered in advanced air-breathing systems is established and that the reaction products will perform satisfactorily in the combustor.
"The purpose of this paper is to analyze three of the alternative fuels that are currently (or soon to be) available that can meet U.S. Air Force aviation fuel requirements. While commercial airlines are also beginning to show interest in alternative fuels, the significance for the military extends beyond price and includes national security concerns. The three fuels showing the most promise for aviation are natural gas to liquid (GTL), coal to liquid (CTL), and biofuel from algae. This paper compares these three fuels using six traits either required of current aviation fuel or desired for their replacement: performance, energy content, compatibility, low cost and carbon, source, and storage/transport requirements. While all three fuels meet the required performance, energy, compatibility, storage and transport requirements of aviation fuel, they fall short in some of the other desired areas. Both GTL and CTL are not low carbon, and they are also not renewable or sustainable sources. Biofuel from algae meets all of the requirements, however the current cost of production is high and it could take up to a decade for this to become a viable alternative to oil. This analysis shows that the best option for the Air Force is to invest in carbon capture technology and pursue GTL or CTL fuels for the short term. However, research and development of biofuel from algae should also continue, as this fuel shows the most promise as a permanent, renewable, and sustainable replacement for oil."--Abstract.
This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD's interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3
Rocket and air-breathing propulsion systems are the foundation on which planning for future aerospace systems rests. A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs assesses the existing technical base in these areas and examines the future Air Force capabilities the base will be expected to support. This report also defines gaps and recommends where future warfighter capabilities not yet fully defined could be met by current science and technology development plans.
The Air Force Research Laboratory's Propulsion Directorate is developing higher energy density hydrocarbon fuels for application in reusable liquid rocket engines. For increased performance and operability, next generation engines will require better thermal stability understanding of hydrocarbon fuels under high heat fluxes. Of the existing thermal stability test rigs, none have the ability to accurately simulate the high heat flux conditions that will exist in the cooling channels of these new high-pressure hydrocarbon engines. To design and test fuels to meet the high reliability and reusability requirements proposed for these engines, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Edwards AFB has designed the High Heat Flux Facility (HHFF) using experience gained from past thermal stability test rig experiments. In order to design a facility capable of simulating the higher heat fluxes expected in the channels, CFD++, a Metacomp Technologies Inc. computational fluid dynamics software suite, was employed to optimize the design prior to manufacture. Conjugate heat transfer calculations were performed in a single computational domain containing the copper heater block and the fluid channel of the new test rig design. The parameters of interest during each experiment will be heat transfer coefficient, degree of coking and corrosion in the channel, and pressure drop as a function of heat flux, wall temperature, Reynolds number, channel material, fuel composition and pressure. AFRL's HHFF will be an important tool for facilitating the development and transition of new advanced hydrocarbon fuels.
This was a small-scale, hot-fire test series to make initial measurements of performance differences of five new liquid fuels relative to rocket propellant-1 (RP-1). The program was part of a high-energy-density materials development at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the fuels tested were quadricyclane, 1-7 octodiyne, AFRL-1, biclopropylidene, and competitive impulse noncarcinogenic hypergol (CINCH) (di-methyl-aminoethyl-azide). All tests were conducted at MSFC. The first four fuels were provided by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Edwards Air Force Base, CA. The U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL, provided the CINCH. The data recorded in all hot-fire tests were used to calculate specific impulse and characteristic exhaust velocity for each fuel, then compared to RP-1 at the same conditions. This was not an exhaustive study, comparing each fuel to RP-1 at an array of mixture ratios, nor did it include important fuel parameters, such as fuel handling or long-term storage. The test hardware was designed for liquid oxygen (lox)/RP-1, then modified for gaseous oxygen/RP-1 to avoid two-phase lox at very small flow rates. All fuels were tested using the same thruster/injector combination designed for RP-1. The results of this test will be used to determine which fuels will be tested in future test programs. Bai, S. D. and Dumbacher, P. and Cole, J. W. Marshall Space Flight Center
A study of fuel cells for Air Force requirements consisted of collecting information on state-of-the-art, and determining projected capabilities and gaps in existing knowledge and technology which must be filled to meet these projected capabilities. The study consisted of collecting information on state-of-the-art, and determining projected capabilities and gaps in existing knowledge and technology which must be filled to meet these projected capabilities. The hydrogen-oxygen class fuel cell was especially evaluated by projecting performance and examining these new capabilities for application in aerospace vehicles, including aircraft, orbital and space types. In these applications, the fuel cell, as an auxiliary power source, offers possibilities of increased payloads and/or range of missions because of its potential high reliability and overall low weight. The capabilities of the hydrocarbon class fuel cell were projected for the purpose of analyzing its applications to Air Force needs in ground power, which require portability, transportability, mobility, availability of fuel, storability of fuel, and acceptable costs. Results of these analysis indicated that the hydrocarbon class fuel cell might eventually be the best power source for some specific applications, providing that research and development programs, prosently active and yet to be implemented, are successful. Estimates of program for needed progress in fuel cell technology for specific Air Force needs showed up some deficiencies or gaps in areas of research and engineering. The overall research and development programs require complete re-examination, and perhaps adjustment, for proper balance of activities.
This report consists of a brief history of US military fuels for aircraft turbine jet engines and ramjet engines. The report discusses the requirements of past and current US military jet fuel specifications, when and why the specification requirements originated, and the importance of these requirements today. The purpose and origin of the various specification test methods are presented, and an extensive discussion of jet fuel additives is provided. This report should be of value to anyone involved in research and development, logistics, and use of jet fuels. We hope that it will serve as a handy reference for the jet fuel specialist.
The USAF is the largest energy consumer in the DoD. In conjunction with the Pres¿s. mandate to reduce dependency on foreign oil and in an effort to stem fuel exp., the USAF estab. an alternative energy program focused on increased conservation and the dev¿t. of new, domestic sources of fuel. This report examines biologically produced fuel alternatives and their ability to meet USAF jet fuel requirements by the year 2025. It examines ethanol, terrestrial produced biodiesel, algae oil and biobutanol and each fuel¿s ability to meet JP-8 fuel standards while achieving compatibility with USAF aircraft and fuel distribution systems. It recommends the continued development of biofuel technology to reduce USAF dependency on foreign oil. Illus.