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Fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas operations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, November 5, 2013.
Concentrations of methane--a potent and abundant greenhouse gas that has contributed one-quarter of the radiative forcing to date--has been increasing at alarming rates and continues to rise. In this presentation, I provide novel measurements of emissions from two less-studied sources of methane emissions from the natural gas industry: abandoned oil and gas wells in California and residential natural gas appliances. For abandoned wells, I sampled 121 wells and found small but detectable methane emissions from 34 of 97 plugged wells (mean emission: 0.286 g CH4 hr-1), 11 of 17 idle wells (mean: 35.4 g CH4 hr-1), 4 of 6 active wells (mean: 189.7 g CH4 hr-1), and one unplugged well (10.9 g CH4 hr-1) totaling 0.8% of anthropogenic methane emissions in the state. For natural gas appliances, I focus my samples on water heaters--distinguishing emissions between tankless and storage varieties--and cooking appliances. I sampled water heaters from 64 northern California homes to quantify methane emissions and characterize daily usage patterns. I found that individual tankless water heaters emit 2390 [95% CI: 2250, 2540] g CH4 yr-1 on average, 0.93% [0.87%, 0.99%] of their natural gas consumed, primarily from on/off pulses. Storage water heaters emitted 1400 [1240, 1560] g CH4 yr-1 on average, 0.39% [0.34%, 0.43%] of their natural gas consumption. Water heaters overall emit an estimated 82.3 [73.2, 91.5] Gg CH4 yr-1, 0.40% [0.35%, 0.44%] of all natural gas consumed by these appliances. I also measured methane emissions from 44 stoves and found that stoves emit 29.7 [28.3, 31.6] Gg CH4 yr-1, or 1.39% of the gas they use; about three-quarters of these emissions are during steady-state off. This amount is 9% of the current total reported by the USEPA from "stationary combustion"--emissions from appliances in residences. I also measured NOx from 32 stoves and found emissions between 15.8 and 232.6 mL NOx hr-1, depending on burner size. Normalized for burner output, emissions were 15.1 to 27.7 ng NOx Joule-1 (1.6 to 2.9 g NOx Therm-1). My work contributes critical research to the field as policies are implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the coming decades.
Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and is estimated to be responsible for approximately one-fifth of man-made global warming. Per kilogram, it is 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time horizon -- and global warming is likely to enhance methane release from a number of sources. Current natural and man-made sources include many where methane-producing micro-organisms can thrive in anaerobic conditions, particularly ruminant livestock, rice cultivation, landfill, wastewater, wetlands and marine sediments. This timely and authoritative book provides the only comprehensive and balanced overview of our current knowledge of sources of methane and how these might be controlled to limit future climate change. It describes how methane is derived from the anaerobic metabolism of micro-organisms, whether in wetlands or rice fields, manure, landfill or wastewater, or the digestive systems of cattle and other ruminant animals. It highlights how sources of methane might themselves be affected by climate change. It is shown how numerous point sources of methane have the potential to be more easily addressed than sources of carbon dioxide and therefore contribute significantly to climate change mitigation in the 21st century.
The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.