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Prominent features of differentiated product markets are segmentation and product proliferation that blurs the boundaries between segments. I develop a tractable demand model, the Ordered Nested Logit, which allows for over lap between neighboring segments. I apply the model to the automobile market where segments are ordered from small to luxury. I find that consumers, when substituting outside their vehicle segment, are more likely to switch to a neighboring segment. Accounting for such a symmetric substitution matters when evaluating the impact of new product introduction or studying the effect of subsidies on fuel-efficient cars.
"The central aim of this book is to consider to what extent changes in organisations and in the nature of jobs are compatible with the need, increasingly expressed by employees, for greater integration between work and family life. The book questions what sort of dilemmas modern and future employees face, in terms of shaping their careers and organising their lives at home. The authors formulate answers to these problematic questions by shedding light on relevant developments in the European labour markets, the European workplaces, in (flexible) working patterns, changing preferences for working hours and in gender relations at work.".
With the impact of globalization, comparative management is becoming one of the single most important areas within management studies. Comparative Management offers instant access to material that has shaped this field to date.
(1) Problem definition: We study a special form of group buying: the group buying succeeds only if the number of sign-ups reaches a preset threshold, with no duration constraint. Customers with heterogeneous valuations arrive sequentially and decide between signing up for the group buying or purchasing a regular product. To decide on whether to join the group buying, customers need to anticipate their expected waiting time, which varies depending on the cumulative sign-ups by the time of their arrival. The firm decides on the prices of the group-buying product and regular product, with the product quality levels and group-buying size exogenously determined. (2) Academic/Practical relevance: Such type of group buying is often adopted for a special edition of the product and offered alongside a constantly available regular product. (3) Methodology: We study the product line design with the group-buying sign-up behavior of customers characterized by the rational expectations equilibrium in a random pledging process. (4) Results: We show that group buying with flexible duration can result in intertemporal customer segmentation, as different segments might be admitted at different times in the dynamic sign-up process. Such intertemporal segmentation is a natural discrimination scheme and has non-trivial implications. First, the efficiency loss due to waiting for enough sign-ups may decrease in the batch size required for economic production. Second, as valuation heterogeneity in the market increases, the firm may not always benefit from offering group buying along with the regular product. Third, group buying can achieve a win-win-win situation for both high-end and low-end customers as well as the firm. (5) Managerial implications: In addition to demonstrating the profitability of offering flexible-duration group buying, the firm can strengthen its profitability by contingently setting prices or concealing sign-up information in group buying. We also confirm the robustness of our main insights by considering customers' heterogeneous patience levels, and horizontally differentiated products, among others.