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Synthesizes the ecology and natural history of North American freshwater mussels for scientists, natural resource professionals, students and natural history enthusiasts.
The Hanford Reach of the Columbia River is the last unimpounded section of the river and contains substrate characteristics (cobble, gravel, sand/silt) suitable for many of the native freshwater mussels known to exist in the Pacific Northwest. Information concerning the native mussel species composition, densities, and distributions in the mainstem of the Columbia River is limited. Under funding from the U.S. Department of Energy Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory conducted an assessment of the near-shore habitat on the Hanford Reach. Surveys conducted in 2004 as part of the Ecological Monitoring and Compliance project documented several species of native mussels inhabiting the near-shore habitat of the Hanford Reach. Findings reported here may be useful to resource biologists, ecologists, and DOE-RL to determine possible negative impacts to native mussels from ongoing near-shore remediation activities associated with Hanford Site cleanup. The objective of this study was to provide an initial assessment of the species composition, densities, and distribution of the freshwater mussels (Margaritiferidae and Unionidae families) that exist in the Hanford Reach. Researchers observed and measured 201 live native mussel specimens. Mussel density estimated from these surveys is summarized in this report with respect to near-shore habitat characteristics including substrate size, substrate embeddedness, relative abundance of aquatic vegetation, and large-scale geomorphic/hydrologic characteristics of the Hanford Reach.
The definitive resource on the biology and evolution of freshwater mollusks. There are more species of freshwater mollusks—well over 5,000—than all the mammal species of the world. Freshwater mollusks are also arguably the most endangered fauna on the planet. Yet few references exist for researchers, shell enthusiasts, and general readers who are interested in learning more about these fascinating creatures. In Freshwater Mollusks of the World, Charles Lydeard and Kevin S. Cummings fill that void with contributions from dozens of renowned mollusk experts. Touching on 34 families of freshwater gastropods (snails) and 9 families of freshwater bivalves (mussels and clams), each chapter provides a synthesis of the latest research on the diversity and evolutionary relationships of the family. The book also includes • a look at how evolving DNA sequencing data techniques help shed light on mollusk taxonomy • distribution maps of each family's biogeographic locales • a representative photo and distribution map for each of the freshwater mollusk families • the latest information on each family's conservation status—and how to reverse the habitat destruction, modification, and pollution that threatens it • a discussion of the ecological and economic damages caused by invasive mollusk species, as well as their role as disease vectors Mollusks provide us with amazing biogeographical insights: their ancient fossil record goes back over 500 million years, and their distribution patterns are a reflection of past continental and climate changes. The only comprehensive summary of systematic and biodiversity information on freshwater mollusk families throughout the world, this reference is a must for malacologists, limnologists, ichthyologists, stream ecologists, biogeographers, and conservation biologists. Contributors: Christian Albrecht, Rüdiger Bieler, Bert Van Bocxlaer, David C. Campbell, Stephanie A. Clark, Catharina Clewing, Robert H. Cowie, Kevin S. Cummings, Diana Delicado, Hiroshi Fukuda, Hiroaki Fukumori, Matthias Glaubrecht, Daniel L. Graf, Diego E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, Kenneth A. Hayes, Yasunori Kano, Taehwan Lee, Charles Lydeard, Nathaniel T. Marshall, Paula M. Mikkelsen, Marco T. Neiber, Timea P. Neusser, Winston Ponder, Michael Schrödl, Alena A. Shirokaya, Björn Stelbrink, Carol A. Stepien, Ellen E. Strong, Maxim V. Vinarski, Amy R. Wethington, Thomas Wilke
Columbia River Plateau tribes, such as the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), have developed sustainable relationships with communities of food resources throughout the Pacific Northwest (PNW) since time immemorial (i.e., as far back as time is recalled or recognized). These relationships are evident in tribal creation stories, where plants and animals offered themselves to sustain humans, and in turn humans were given the responsibility of reciprocity-to take care of the foods that take care of them. Today, indigenous organizations like the CTUIR fulfill the promise of reciprocity by developing research programs that are focused on restoring ecological and cultural services. For many indigenous groups, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) drives these programs and restoration objectives. Policies and management frameworks that are based on TEK promote the restoration of both physical and biological river processes that include important interspecies linkages and community interactions (Chapter 2).Interactions between First Foods, traditional foods of cultural importance (e.g., water, fish, big game, roots, and berries), and their environments are critical to tribal natural resource management. The populations of two First Foods, Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and native western freshwater mussels, are declining in the Columbia River Basin in the western United States. Specific reasons for these declines are not well understood but are linked to changes to the biotic and abiotic features of the system. Physical habitat alterations, declining water quality and quantity, and changes to the biotic community structure of the river are possible factors that are affecting population declines of lamprey, mussels, and other native aquatic species (e.g., salmon, trout, and nongame native fishes). The loss of cultural connection to Pacific Lamprey and native freshwater mussels and the loss of the ecological services that are provided by these organisms are understudied elements of most Pacific Northwest aquatic-restoration projects. The positive contributions of lamprey and mussels to the river environment have been explored through limited studies. For example, larval lamprey can affect the benthic microbial community structure, promoting more aerobic than anaerobic microbial species. They also contribute to nutrient cycling, processing organic matter and waste products from other river organisms. Freshwater mussels provide numerous ecosystem services to the river community, including water filtration, nutrient cycling and storage, and food-web connections. For example, macroinvertebrate communities associated with mussel beds are larger and more diverse than those not associated with mussel beds; these macroinvertebrate communities in turn provide food and ecosystem services for other river organisms. Mussels are reliant on fishes to provide nutrients and transportation to their larvae, which transform into juveniles while on the fishes. Reciprocity drives community interactions and flows from the benthos to higher and lower trophic levels.The community interactions that are observed in the river environment can be further investigated through laboratory study to improve culture techniques for both lamprey and mussels. Lamprey and mussels require artificial propagation and laboratory culture to supply organisms for research and restoration. Providing community interactions during laboratory rearing can benefit cultured organisms. In this dissertation, I use macro- (teleost fishes) and micro- (bacteria) organisms to study community interactions in the context of artificial propagation and rearing of freshwater mussels (Chapter 3) and Pacific Lamprey (Chapters 4 and 5).A healthy, thriving community in any freshwater system requires that all parts of the system are functional and connected, a sentiment popularized for a western audience by Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic essay in the 1940s. Aquatic restoration projects that are implemented to improve habitat for salmonids can also serve to improve habitat for benthic organisms like larval Pacific Lamprey and native freshwater mussels with little extra effort or expense. To restore populations to harvestable abundances, inclusion of lamprey and mussels in ongoing habitat restoration projects should be a priority for Columbia Plateau tribes, and other agencies. Using Leopold's Land Ethic principles, I discuss ecological benefits of including lamprey and mussels in ongoing salmonid restoration projects, explore a case study of this in action for a tribal project, and present a call to action for regional restoration practitioners to acknowledge and include the benthic community in river restorations-a "benthic ethic" (Chapter 6).