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This study summarizes the results of an experiment designed to determine the effectiveness of using frequency stirring to provide field homogeneity in a reverberation chamber. Frequency stirring is accomplished by up-converting band limited white Gaussian noise to microwave frequencies and thus exploits both the high mode densities achievable in a narrow bandwidth at microwave frequencies and the pseudo-statistical nature of the reverberation chamber's eigenmodes. The ultimate goal is to replace the mechanical stirring devices currently used in reverberating chambers with an equivalent electronic eigenmode stirrer. In addition, an expression for the net Q of a reverberation chamber is developed which includes the effects of antenna loading; methods for predicting the homogeneity of the resulting fields in the chamber after application of the frequency stir technique are proposed; and a theoretical basis for interpreting fringe power density levels, cross sections, and shielding effectiveness measurements is also given.
This is the first textbook that contains a holistic treatment of antennas both for traditional antennas mounted on masts (Line-of-Sight antenna systems) and for small antennas used on modern wireless devices such as smart phones being subject to signal variations (fading) due to multipath propagation. The focus is on characterization, as well as describing classical antennas by modern complex vector theory - thereby linking together many disciplines such as electromagnetic theory, classical antenna theory, wave propagation, and antenna system performance. Overall, this book represents a rethinking of the way basic antenna theory is presented. The book contains many references to important old and new papers and books on the analysis and design of the most useful antenna types, for the most interested readers.
This book provides a sound grasp of the fundamental concepts, applications, and practice of EMC. Developments in recent years have resulted in further increases in electrical component density, wider penetration of wireless technologies, and a significant increase in complexity of electrical and electronic equipment. New materials, which can be customized to meet EMC needs, have been introduced. Considerable progress has been made in developing numerical tools for complete system EMC simulation. EMC is now a central consideration in all industrial sectors. Maintaining the holistic approach of the previous edition of Principles and Techniques of Electromagnetic Compatibility, the Third Edition updates coverage of EMC to reflects recent important developments. What is new in the Third Edition? A comprehensive treatment of new materials (meta- and nano-) and their impact on EMC Numerical modelling of complex systems and complexity reduction methods Impact of wireless technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) on EMC Testing in reverberation chambers, and in the time-domain A comprehensive treatment of the scope and development of stochastic models for EMC EMC issues encountered in automotive, railway, aerospace, and marine applications Impact of EMC and Intentional EMI (IEMI) on infrastructure, and risk assessment In addition to updating material, new references, examples, and appendices were added to offer further support to readers interested in exploring further. As in previous editions, the emphasis is on building a sound theoretical framework, and demonstrating how it can be turned to practical use in challenging applications. The expectation is that this approach will serve EMC engineers through the inevitable future technological shifts and developments.
Presently, the need for methods involving separation, identification, and characterization of different kinds of cells is amply realized among immu nologists, hematologists, cell biologists, clinical pathologists, and cancer researchers. Unless cells exhibiting different functions and stages of differ entiation are separated from one another, it will be exceedingly difficult to study some of the molecular mechanisms involved in cell recognition, specialization, interactions, cytotoxicity, and transformation. Clinical diag nosis of diseased states and use of isolated cells for therapeutic (e. g. , immunotherapy) or survival (e. g. , transfusion) purposes are some of the pressing areas where immediate practical benefits can be obtained by applying cell separation techniques. However. the development of such useful methods is still in its infancy. A number of good techniques exist based either on the physical or biological properties of the cells, and these have produced some valuable results. Still others are to be discovered. Therefore, the purpose of this open-end treatise is to acquaint the reader with some of the basic principles, instrumentation, and procedures pres ently in practice at various laboratories around the world and to present some typical applications of each technique to particular biological prob lems. To this end, I was fortunate to obtain the contribution of certain leading scientists in the field of cell separation, people who in their pioneer ing work have struggled with the particular problems involved in separating living cells and in some way have won.
The purpose of this volume, like that of its predecessors in the series, is to present a selection of topics which are representative of the continually expanding area of polymer degradation. It will be obvious that some of these topics emanate from academic studies, others from more applied backgrounds, but it is anticipated that all will be seen to be of vital relevance to one or other of the currently advancing fields of polymer technology. The first two chapters deal with specific classes of polymers, and particularly with their mechanisms and products of thermal degrada tion. Thus in Chapter 1 Dr McNeill discusses the reactions of the ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of poly(methacrylic acid) and their copolymers with methyl methacrylate. These water soluble 'ionomers' have valuable technological applications. In Chap ter 2 Professor Montaudo and Dr Puglisi perform a valuable service by drawing together and critically reviewing, for the first time to my knowledge, the mechanisms of thermal degradation of the various classes of condensation polymers which are of industrial significance. This includes, for example, the polyurethanes, polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyethers, polysulphides, polysulphones, polyschiff bases, polysiloxanes and polyphosphazenes.
This book is a compilation of the recent progress on friction stir technologies including high-temperature applications, industrial applications, dissimilar alloy/materials, lightweight alloys, simulation, control, characterization, and derivative technologies. The volume offers a current look at friction stir welding technology from application to characterization and from modeling to R&D. Contributions document advances in application, controls, and simulation of the friction stir process to aid researchers in seeing the current state-of-the-art.
The Foseco Ferrous Foundryman's Handbook is a practical reference book for all those concerned with making castings in any of the commonly used alloys, by any of the usual moulding methods. International SI units are used throughout, but in almost all cases conversions to the more familiar Metric and Imperial units are given. Wherever possible, Casting Alloy Specifications include equivalent specifications for several countries as well as international specifications. Individual chapters cover the casting of light alloys, copper-based alloys, all types of cast-iron and steel. For each group of alloys, specifications and typical applications are described, together with details of melting practice, metal treatment and casting practice. Sand moulding materials, including green sand and chemically bonded sands are also included.
This collection focuses on all aspects of science and technology related to friction stir welding and processing.