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This volume provides a consolidated reference for the applications of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) technology in different sectors such as wireless communications, smart buildings, microwave and medical industries. It covers all aspects of metamaterial FSS technology starting from theoretical simulation, fabrication and measurement all the way to actual hardware implementation. Also included are in-depth discussions on the design methodologies of metamaterial FSS structures and their practical implementation in devices and components. It will be of interest to researchers and engineers working on developing metamaterial-FSS technology.
"...Ben has been the world-wide guru of this technology, providing support to applications of all types. His genius lies in handling the extremely complex mathematics, while at the same time seeing the practical matters involved in applying the results. As this book clearly shows, Ben is able to relate to novices interested in using frequency selective surfaces and to explain technical details in an understandable way, liberally spiced with his special brand of humor... Ben Munk has written a book that represents the epitome of practical understanding of Frequency Selective Surfaces. He deserves all honors that might befall him for this achievement." -William F. Bahret. Mr. W. Bahret was with the United States Air Force but is now retired. From the early 50s he sponsored numerous projects concerning Radar Cross Section of airborne platforms in particular antennas and absorbers. Under his leadership grew many of the concepts used extensively today, as for example the metallic radome. In fact, he is by many considered to be the father of stealth technology. "This book compiles under one cover most of Munk's research over the past three decades. It is woven with the physical insight that he has gained and further developed as his career has grown. Ben uses mathematics to whatever extent is needed, and only as needed. This material is written so that it should be useful to engineers with a background in electromagnetics. I strongly recommend this book to any engineer with any interest in phased arrays and/or frequency selective surfaces. The physical insight that may be gained from this book will enhance their ability to treat additional array problems of their own." -Leon Peters, Jr. Professor Leon Peters, Jr., was a professor at the Ohio State University but is now retired. From the early sixties he worked on, among many other things, RCS problems involving antennas and absorbers. This book presents the complete derivation of the Periodic Method of Moments, which enables the reader to calculate quickly and efficiently the transmission and reflection properties of multi-layered Frequency Selective Surfaces comprised of either wire and/or slot elements of arbitrary shape and located in a stratified medium. However, it also gives the reader the tools to analyze multi-layered FSS's leading to specific designs of the very important Hybrid Radome, which is characterized by constant band width with angle of incidence and polarization. Further, it investigates in great detail bandstop filters with large as well as narrow bandwidth (dichroic surfaces). It also discusses for the first time, lossy elements used in producing Circuit Analog absorbers. Finally, the last chapter deals with power breakdown of FSS's when exposed to pulsed signals with high peak power. The approach followed by most other presentations simply consists of expanding the fields around the FSS, matching the boundary conditions and writing a computer program. While this enables the user to obtain calculated results, it gives very little physical insight and no help in how to design actual multi-layered FSS's. In contrast, the approach used in this title analyzes all curves of desired shapes. In particular, it discusses in great detail how to produce radomes made of FSS's located in a stratified medium (Hybrid Radomes), with constant band width for all angles of incidence and polarizations. Numerous examples are given of great practical interest. More specifically, Chapter 7 deals with the theory and design of bandpass radomes with constant bandwidth and flat tops. Examples are given for mono-, bi- and tri-planar designs. Chapter 8 deals with bandstop filters with broad as well as narrow bandwidth. Chapter 9 deals with multi-layered FSS of lossy elements, namely the so-called Circuit Analog Absorbers, designed to yield outstanding absorption with more than a decade of bandwidth. Features material previously labeled as classified by the United States Air Force.
Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) play a key role in many antenna systems for modern fixed and mobile communication systems. Such important practical applications have resulted from research into FSS and related array topics undertaken in both the industrial and academic sectors in recent years. This book draws together the multifaceted work on FSS and provides a modern overview of the underlying theory and mathematical formalism. Step-by-step accounts of analysis techniques, numerical considerations and FSS designs are given. The book is divided into two complementary parts, which differ in their approach to the analysis of FSS but produce the same results. Part I is based on the 'field approach' where the analysis uses modal expansions of vector electric and magnetic fields. The second part is contributed by Dr R Orta and Dr R Tascone of Politecnico di Torino, Italy, whose framework for the FSS analysis is a modal transmission line description of wave propagation. The terminology and definitions employed in the latter approach are more geared to readers who are familiar with electrical networks and transmission line theory.
This new addition to the prestigious Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering presents the first comprehensive coverage of Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) and active grid arrays, the two-dimensional periodically arranged array elements which may be etched on, or imbedded in, one or multiple layers of dielectric laminates. Because of its filtering frequency properties, this technology, which has attracted much interest over the past two decades, is being used to create filtering devices in microwave and higher frequency bands. With Frequency Selective Surface and Grid Array, it is no longer necessary to sift through a multitude of research papers and reports. Here, in one self-contained volume, is a thorough and up-to-date treatment of the concept, theory, applications, design, and fabrication techniques for periodic arrays. Furthermore, the book provides a complete reference for the technological advances in FSS, including the recent technology of active grid arrays. The first part of the book is devoted to the fundamentals and analytical techniques pertaining to FSS and grid arrays, including the advanced analyses of the conjugate gradient method and the generalized mode-matching technique with multiple dielectrics or nonsimilar grid arrays. In the second part, the book deals with implementation and application, describing the numerous applications of this technology, from the reflector antenna system used in satellite and spacecraft communications and bandpass radome to solar energy grids. The expert contributions to this volume make it useful both as a tutorial and as a reference for project and system/design engineers working with antennas, optics, millimeter waves, microwaves, radar, and low observable radomes. A comprehensive and self-contained reference for FSS and grid array technology Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS), the two-dimensional periodic array elements with frequency filtering properties, have made important advances over the past two decades. They provide filtering devices in microwave and higher frequency bands with applications ranging from bandpass radome to solar energy grids—including satellite and spacecraft communications. Written by experts in the field and edited by Dr. T. K. Wu, an internationally recognized researcher in electromagnetics, Frequency Selective Surface and Grid Array provides the first comprehensive look at the theory, measurements, manufacturing, and applications of FSS and grid array technology. This publication brings together a wealth of information previously not available in book form, as well as material that has not been published anywhere, including: Passive and active grid design concepts and analysis, as well as FSS materials and fabrication techniques Practical design of frequency selective surface, high-performance bandpass radome, and active grid array Detailed equations for the reaction integrals Three computer codes to get readers started in the design of FSS and grid array (disk included) Case studies of FSS applications to multiband communication antenna systems Tables, figures, references, and numerous examples of practical FSS and grid array designs A tutorial analysis that includes the multilayer grid and dielectrics Frequency Selective Surface and Grid Array is an invaluable planning and design resource for research engineers and scientists dealing with FSS and grid array, as well as a handy reference for students and professionals entering the field.
In recent years, metamaterials have received a significant amount of attention for providing engineered artificial properties which do not exist in nature such as high surface impedance, negative permittivity/permeability, and negative refractive index. However, under high-power illuminations, metamaterials tend to breakdown and alter their frequency responses. This dissertation includes two parts. First, I investigate the phenomenon of electromagnetic (EM) waves tunneling through epsilon- and mu-negative metamaterial slabs and its potential applications in designing high-power filters and frequency selective surfaces without breakdown. The second part is to investigate breakdown events in high-power microwave metamaterials. In this thesis, I examine EM waves tunneling through multi-layer structures composed of epsilon-negative (the relative permittivity is negative) materials sandwiched by double positive layers. Conventionally, EM waves can only propagate through epsilon-negative material under certain circumstance referred to as resonant tunneling. I demonstrate that this EM waves tunneling phenomenon is analogous to a well-known classic microwave filter theory. Based on this analogy, I proposed a synthesis procedure for designing this kind of structure from desired responses which are beneficial for developing high-power-capable spatial filters and microwave FSSs. To verify the proposed procedure, three prototypes of such a device are designed, fabricated and experimentally characterized and it is demonstrated that they can handle extremely high peak power levels. In the second half of my thesis, I study the impact of breakdown on the responses of metamaterials by examining several single-layer metasurfaces composed of miniaturized LC resonators. I demonstrate that the breakdown events, in atmospheric air, can be characterized with a reasonable degree of accuracy by modeling the streaming discharge as a low-impedance connection path. My recent study shows that breakdown at one location induces breakdown at neighboring locations where the power level is lower than the breakdown threshold within a multi-resonator unit cell of high-power metamaterials with discrete nonlinear responses. I examine three candidate mechanisms, energetic electron diffusion, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, to study the cause of this simultaneous breakdown and demonstrated that this is due to VUV photoemission.