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This book provides a comprehensive overview of multiple access techniques used in the cellular industry. The usage of multiple access techniques in telecommunications enables many users to share the same spectrum in the frequency domain, time domain, code domain or phase domain. Licenses are given, by the FCC, to operate wireless communication systems over given bands of frequencies, with the smaller bands, (channels), reused to provide services to other users. Thus, bandwidth efficiency is vital, as the speed and size of digital data networks continue to expand. This brief also uses numerous illustrations to bring students up-to-date in the practical applications of multiple access techniques, which can then be put to work in the industry. Primarily, electrical engineering students who study telecommunications, as well as engineers and designers working in wireless communications, would find this book useful.
Supported by the expert-level advice of pioneering researchers, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the foundations and applications of one of the most promising access technologies for current and future wireless networks. It includes authoritative cove
In this book, the state-of-the-art and future vision of wireless communications is presented in the form of a number of new services. Wireless personal communications is clearly a different service than today's cellular radio or cordless telephone, but there is an evolutionary connection between the three services. This book addresses questions about what features of personal communication services (PCS) will be met by existing or enhanced digital cellular radio technology. The regulatory and standards aspects of wireless communications are currently in a crucial stage of their formulation. A section of the book is devoted to the opinions of representatives from regulatory agencies and standards organizations on the future of this critical area. One of the most intriguing questions about the future of wireless communications has to do with the choice of multiple access technique. The trade offs between time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) have been the topic of many a heated discussion amongst members of the wireless community. This book presents a thorough discussion of a number of the topics which are instrumental in making a fair comparison of TDMA and CDMA; these topics include: analytical performance evaluation techniques, capacity studies, equalization requirements, and shared spectrum comparisons. Many of the technologies associated with wireless personal communications are reaching the design stages. This book presents a number of alternatives for designs of both base stations and user terminals. Some of the key questions of equalization, control channel requirements, multi-path diversity and channel allocation strategies have been addressed. Invariably, system designs and performance are tied to the characteristics of the radio channel. This book introduces several novel techniques for predicting propagation and system performance in a variety of indoor and outdoor environments. These techniques include analytical as well as computer simulation algorithms for predicting signal strenghts and other channel parameters based on the local topographical features. This book serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless communications, cellular radio, or digital mobile radio.
Contents 1 Introductory Concepts 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Present Day Mobile Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Fundamental Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4.1 Radio Transmission Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 How a Mobile Call is Actually Made? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.1 Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.2 Operational Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.3 Making a Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6 Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Modern Wireless Communication Systems 11 2.1 1G: First Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 2G: Second Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 TDMA/FDD Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 CDMA/FDD Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.3 2.5G Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 3G: Third Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.1 3G Standards and Access Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.2 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.3 3G CDMA2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.4 3G TD-SCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4 Wireless Transmission Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.1 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.2 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.3 Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.4 WiMax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.5 Zigbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.6 Wibree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5 Conclusion: Beyond 3G Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 The Cellular Engineering Fundamentals 23 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 What is a Cell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3 Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.4 Channel Assignment Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4.1 Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.5 Hando Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.5.1 Factors In uencing Hando s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5.2 Hando s In Di erent Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.5.3 Hando Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5.4 A Few Practical Problems in Hando Scenario . . . . . . . . 33 3.6 Interference & System Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.1 Co-channel interference (CCI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.2 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.7 Enhancing Capacity And Cell Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.7.1 The Key Trade-o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.7.2 Cell-Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.7.3 Sectoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.7.4 Microcell Zone Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.8 Trunked Radio System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 Free Space Radio Wave Propagation 54 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.2 Free Space Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3 Basic Methods of Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.1 Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.2 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.3 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.4 Two Ray Re ection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5.1 Knife-Edge Di raction Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5.2 Fresnel Zones: the Concept of Di raction Loss . . . . . . . . 66 4.5.3 Knife-edge di raction model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6 Link Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.2 Log Normal Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7 Outdoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7.1 Okumura Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7.2 Hata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.8 Indoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8.1 Partition Losses Inside a Floor (Intra- oor) . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8.2 Partition Losses Between Floors (Inter- oor) . . . . . . . . . 73 4.8.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5 Multipath Wave Propagation and Fading 75 5.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2 Multipath & Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2.1 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2.2 Multipath Fading E ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2.3 Factors In uencing Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3 Types of Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3.1 Fading E ects due to Multipath Time Delay Spread . . . . . 77 5.3.2 Fading E ects due to Doppler Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3.3 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.3.4 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel . . . . . . . 80 5.3.5 Relation Between Bandwidth and Received Power . . . . . . 82 5.3.6 Linear Time Varying Channels (LTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.7 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.4 Multipath Channel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.4.2 Frequency Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.5 Statistical models for multipath propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.5.1 NLoS Propagation: Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.5.2 LoS Propagation: Rician Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.5.3 Generalized Model: Nakagami Distribution . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.5.4 Second Order Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.6 Simulation of Rayleigh Fading Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.1 Clarke's Model: without Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.2 Clarke and Gans' Model: with Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.3 Rayleigh Simulator with Wide Range of Channel Conditions 97 5.6.4 Two-Ray Rayleigh Faded Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.6.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model . . . . . . . . 98 5.6.6 SIRCIM/SMRCIM Indoor/Outdoor Statistical Models . . . . 98 5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6 Transmitter and Receiver Techniques 101 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2.1 Choice of Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.2.2 Advantages of Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.2.3 Linear and Non-linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . 103 6.2.4 Amplitude and Angle Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.2.5 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.3 Signal Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals . . . . . 104 6.4 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band Pass Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.5 Linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.5.1 Amplitude Modulation (DSBSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.5.2 BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.5.3 QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.5.4 O set-QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.5.5 =4 DQPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.6 Line Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.7 Pulse Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.7.1 Nyquist pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.7.2 Raised Cosine Roll-O Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.7.3 Realization of Pulse Shaping Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.8 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.8.1 Angle Modulation (FM and PM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.8.2 BFSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.9 GMSK Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.10 GMSK Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.11 Two Practical Issues of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.11.1 Inter Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.11.2 Power Ampli er Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.12 Receiver performance in multipath channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.12.1 Bit Error Rate and Symbol Error Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.13 Example of a Multicarrier Modulation: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.13.1 Orthogonality of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.13.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7 Techniques to Mitigate Fading E ects 129 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.2.1 A Mathematical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.2.2 Zero Forcing Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.2.3 A Generic Adaptive Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.2.4 Choice of Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization . . . . . . . . 134 7.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3.1 Di erent Types of Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.4 Channel Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.4.1 Shannon's Channel Capacity Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.4.2 Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 7.4.3 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.4.4 Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 8 Multiple Access Techniques 157 8.1 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication . . . . . . . 157 8.1.1 Narrowband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.1.2 Wideband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.2.1 FDMA/FDD in AMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.2.2 FDMA/TDD in CT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.2.3 FDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.3 Time Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.3.1 TDMA/FDD in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.3.2 TDMA/TDD in DECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.3 CDMA and Self-interference Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.4.4 CDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.4.5 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.5 Space Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
The high level of technical detail included in standards specifications can make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results. This book aims to cover both of these elements to give accessible information and support to readers. It explains the current and future trends on communication theory and shows how these developments are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards. Examining modulation, coding and multiple access techniques, the book is divided into two major sections to cover these functions. The two-stage approach first treats the basics of modulation and coding theory before highlighting how these concepts are defined and implemented in modern wireless communication systems. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of main L1 procedures and methods including modulation, coding, channel equalization and multiple access techniques. In Part 2, the uses of these procedures and methods in the wide range of wireless communication standards including WLAN, WiMax, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE and cdma2000 are considered. An essential study of the implementation of modulation and coding techniques in modern standards of wireless communication Bridges the gap between the modulation coding theory and the wireless communications standards material Divided into two parts to systematically tackle the topic - the first part develops techniques which are then applied and tailored to real world systems in the second part Covers special aspects of coding theory and how these can be effectively applied to improve the performance of wireless communications systems
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Communications is an edited volume with contributions by leading authorities in the subject of OFDM. Its coverage consists of principles, important wireless topics (e.g. Synchronization, channel estimation, etc.) and techniques. Included is information for advancing wireless communication in a multipath environment with an emphasis on implementation of OFDM in base stations. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Communications provides a comprehensive introduction of the theory and practice of OFDM. To facilitate the readers, extensive subject indices and references are given at the end of the book. Even though each chapter is written by different experts, symbols and notations in all chapters of the book are consistent.
It is our great pleasure to present the proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Multiple Access Communications (MACOM) that was held in Barcelona during September 13–14, 2010. In 1961, Claude Shannon established the foundation for the discipline now known as “multi-user information theory” in his pioneering paper “Two-way Communication Channels,” and later Norman Abramson published his paper “The Aloha System—Another Alternative for Computer Communications” in 1970 which introduced the concept of multiple access using a shared common channel. Thereafter, for more than 40 years of study, numerous elegant theories and algorithms have been developed for multiple-access communications. During the 1980s and 1990s the evolution of multiple-access techniques p- ceeded in conjunction with the evolution of wireless networks. Novel multiple access techniques like code division multiple access (CDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) provided increased spectral - ?ciency, dynamicity and ?exibility in radio resource allocation with intrinsic anti-multipath and anti-interference features. In this ?rst decade of the 21st century,multiple-accesstechniques,derivedfromadvancedwirelesstransmission methodologiesbasedonthediversityconcept(e. g. ,MC-CDMA,MIMO-OFDMA and SC-FDMA), opened the road to a renewed idea of multiple access. Today multiple-access communications involve many challenging aspects not only l- ited (like in the past) to physical layer design. Medium access control (MAC) techniques play a crucial role in managing the radio resources that users will exploit to transmit their data streams. Recent developments in software radios and cognitive radios have led to a signi?cant impact also on spectrum m- agement and access paradigms.
This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains cutting-edge concepts in a simple and intuitive way. An abundant supply of exercises make it ideal for graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and it will also be of great interest to practising engineers.