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Summarizes how water changes from a solid to a liquid and back again, and introduces related facts such as that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit and that ice floats.
Provides information on the three states of water and the idea that something that changes its state by melting or freezing remains matter.
Presents nine experiments that help demonstrate the properties of matter, focusing on how solids, liquids, and gases differ and how they change with temperature.
Presents mathematical models of melting and solidification processes that are the key to the effective performance of latent heat thermal energy storage systems, utilized in a wide range of heat transfer and industrial applications.
Introduces the idea that something that changes its state by melting or freezing remains matter, explains how melting effects the molecules that make up matter, and compares melting with dissolving and burning.
This volume of papers has been produced in memory of Professor R.R. Gilpin, who was a pioneer in the field of freezing phenomena in ice-water systems. The subject has applications in ice formation in industrial plants, technologies for manufacturing crystals in space for semiconductors and computer chips and atmospheric physics and geophysics.
When Sid discovers that the ice pop he left out overnight has melted, he starts to wonder: Why don't ice pops stay frozen all the time? And why does water turn into ice in the freezer? With a little help from his family, friends, and teacher, Sid the Science Kid is ready to investigate reversible change!
This reference book presents mathematical models of melting and solidification processes that are the key to the effective performance of latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTES), utilized in a wide range of heat transfer and industrial applications. This topic has spurred a growth in research into LHTES applications in energy conservation and utilization, space station power systems, and thermal protection of electronic equipment in hostile environments. Further, interest in mathematical modeling has increased with the speread of high powered computers used in most industrial and academic settings. In two sections, the book first describes modeling of phase change processes and then describes applications for LHTES. It is aimed at graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers in heat transfer, materials processing, multiphase systems, energy conservation, metallurgy, microelectronics, and cryosurgery.
Computations are presented which show that the latent heat of freezing ice in equilibrium with sea water is less than that associated with freezing pure water at 0C. The difference is due primarily to a temperature effect that is opposed to some extent by the effect of dissolved substances in the brine. The difference probably amounts to about 7 cal/gm of ice for a brine of about 150 o/oo slinity, freezing at -8C. When the effect of this difference in the total heat required to raise the temperature and melt sea ice is computed by Schwerdtfeger's method, it is found to be of the order of 0.5 cal/gm of sea ice for an overall ice salinity of 8 o/oo and an initial temperature of -8C. The differences are small but significant and until true values are established, published values of heats of freezing and melting and specific heats of sea ice should be used with discretion. (Author).
Explores the many facets of redox exchanges that drive magma's behavior and evolution, from the origin of the Earth until today The redox state is one of the master variables behind the Earth's forming processes, which at depth concern magma as the major transport agent. Understanding redox exchanges in magmas is pivotal for reconstructing the history and compositional make-up of our planet, for exploring its mineral resources, and for monitoring and forecasting volcanic activity. Magma Redox Geochemistry describes the multiple facets of redox reactions in the magmatic realm and presents experimental results, theoretical approaches, and unconventional and novel techniques. Volume highlights include: Redox state and oxygen fugacity: so close, so far Redox processes from Earth’s accretion to global geodynamics Redox evolution from the magma source to volcanic emissions Redox characterization of elements and their isotopes The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.