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Civil Aviation has become a public utility service. SALVATORE TOMASINO I} Although civil aviation has enjoyed unflagging public interest since its birth in 1919, and even before that date, the factors governing the development of civil aviation are nevertheless not widely known. This applies not so much to technical development as to the political and economic considerations which ultimately determine the pattern of the worldwide network of air routes. Whereas, prior to World War II, civil aviation was regarded mainly as an instrument for political penetration, with perhaps the Netherlands and its K.L.M.2) as a striking exception, since 1945 civil aviation has come to be judged more on its own merits, though it has remained primarily a government matter. The political, strategic, economic, financial and social aspeCts of civil aviation together constitute a field which, particularly since World War II, has come to form the subject-matter of a more or less independent branch of foreign policy, designated 'by the term "international civil aviation policy". In spite of the dominating factors of national prestige and later of economic nationalism, States have nevertheless directly and indirectly taken upon themselves a number of obligations in the international field, thereby giving civil aviation an international legal basis.
Citizenship as Foundation of Rights explores the nature and meaning of American citizenship and the rights flowing from citizenship in the context of current debates around politics, including immigration. The book explains the sources of citizenship rights in the Constitution and focuses on three key citizenship rights - the right to vote, the right to employment, and the right to travel in the US. It explains why those rights are fundamental and how national identification systems and ID requirements to vote, work and travel undermine the fundamental citizen rights. Richard Sobel analyzes how protecting citizens' rights preserves them for future generations of citizens and aspiring citizens here. No other book offers such a clarification of fundamental citizen rights and explains how ID schemes contradict and undermine the constitutional rights of American citizenship.
to his suggestions for corrective action at government level, will naturally vary according to the interests of each government in upholding the ap proach it regards as consistent with its own basic interests and those of its international airline. I commend this book as a most valuable treatment of the subjects which are of concern not only to the academic student but also to those engaged in the study and application of international civil aviation agreements in governments and airlines. It would be fitting if it enjoys, as it should, wide circulation amongst such students and practicioners. Sir Donald Anderson Director-General of Civil Aviation Melbourne, Australia. April, 1970. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XI CHAPTER ONE I. The Technique of government 1 II. International civil aviation regulation 4 III. National vs international approach 9 CHAPTER Two I. International control of the air traffic market 17 II. Freedom classification and traffic data 22 III. The air traffic market and the exchange of routes and traffic rights 28 IV. The sixth freedom issue 32 V. Route specification 40 VI. Equal opportunity 46 CHAPTER THREE I. Non-scheduled and scheduled air carriers 51 II. All-cargo services 59 III. Inclusive tour traffic 63 IV. Non-inclusive tour (affinity) charter traffic 72 V. Traffic rights for charter carriers 79 CHAPTER FOUR I. Cooperative arrangements 104 II. Aircraft lease agreements in international air transp- tation 114 III. Affiliation between air carriers 120 IV.
Mobility is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, or supplying energy. Each movement has an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, a destination, and a nature which is linked with geographical attributes. Transport systems composed of infrastructures, modes and terminals are so embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations that they are often invisible to the consumer. This is paradoxical as the perceived invisibility of transportation is derived from its efficiency. Understanding how mobility is linked with geography is main the purpose of this book. The third edition of The Geography of Transport Systems has been revised and updated to provide an overview of the spatial aspects of transportation. This text provides greater discussion of security, energy, green logistics, as well as new and updated case studies, a revised content structure, and new figures. Each chapter covers a specific conceptual dimension including networks, modes, terminals, freight transportation, urban transportation and environmental impacts. A final chapter contains core methodologies linked with transport geography such as accessibility, spatial interactions, graph theory and Geographic Information Systems for transportation (GIS-T). This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the field, with a broad overview of its concepts, methods, and areas of application. The accompanying website for this text contains a useful additional material, including digital maps, PowerPoint slides, databases, and links to further reading and websites. The website can be accessed at: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans This text is an essential resource for undergraduates studying transport geography, as well as those interest in economic and urban geography, transport planning and engineering.
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