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When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, neither side was prepared for the conflict, as evidenced by their respective fortifications. The most sophisticated and modern fortifications were those built by the US Corps of Engineers to protect some of the main port cities. These included Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia, Fort McHenry in Baltimore and Castle William in New York. The British also heavily fortified their main harbor at Halifax and their main center of power at Quebec. However, elsewhere, especially in the interior, fortifications were old, neglected or only hastily erected. The forts at Detroit and Mackinac were much as the British had left them in 1796. This book covers all of the main fortifications of the conflict, those that faced the crashing of guns and those whose intimidation played a part in the grand strategy of the war.
The hatred didn’t exist at the beginning of the war. But soon after the Battle of Queenston Heights and the death of General Brock, the War of 1812 became more a case of “survival of the fittest.” Besides the brutal fighting; perhaps the most notable aspect of the War of 1812 was the hatred. If not, then why would the dead remain restless? It was a barbaric war; in an inhospitable climate; with an abundant number of ghost creating opportunities. There were nasty endings from bayonets, swords, musket balls and cannon balls; plus, two huge explosions at Fort York and Fort Erie which resulted in missing bones and unmarked graves. If you add savagery and death by tomahawk to the following; then death from drowning, freezing, disease, burning and sickness would include a greater numbers of victims than the major battles. If you thought that being wounded was a better fate, then think again. Instead of a proper pain killer, the wounded were given rum and a musket ball to clamp between their teeth while they braved the most hideous fate possible for wounded soldiers: the barbaric battlefield medical practice of amputation. If a soldier’s last memory on earth was “being wounded” before he died, then that agony might also survive the grave. Because both America and Britain were not prepared to wage a war with each, there was a shortage of regular soldiers to command in 1812. Therefore, the North American armies were also comprised of militia, Native American Indians and part-time soldiers. Moreover, what started as a political row in the seats of power became more of a personal matter at the local level. In addition to the mounting anger, there was pressure on both sides to increase the number of regular troops in the field as the war continued. The increase in regular troops contributed to a more bitter and violent war, with the final result being several large scale battles and a siege. Why did the dead remain restless you might ask? Why indeed.
Includes more than 400 historic sites, both well-known and obscure, in both Canada and the U.S.
Presents information about historic sites that can be visited to relive the War of 1812, including location, hours of operation and admission. Most of the sites have been visited by the authors.
Though primarily fought in the field, the American Revolution saw fortifications play an important part in some of the key campaigns of the war. Field fortifications were developed around major towns including Boston, New York and Savannah, while the frontier forts at Stanwix, Niagara and Cumberland were to all be touched by the war. This book details all the types of fortification used throughout the conflict, the engineers on all sides who constructed and maintained them, and the actions fought around and over them.
The British built two forts on Florida's Apalachicola River during the closing months of the War of 1812. While the fort at Prospect Bluff is a well-known part of U.S. history, the story of Nicolls' Outpost has never been told in book form.In Nicolls' Outpost: A War of 1812 Fort at Chattahoochee, Florida, historian Dale Cox unravels the history of the little-known British forward base on the upper Apalachicola River. The last formal treaty between Great Britain and the Creek and Seminole Indians was signed at this fort. This all but forgotten document was the first formal agreement between the various groups that would form the Seminole Nation of Florida.Dale Cox is the author of fifteen books on Southeastern U.S. history. A descendant of both the Yuchi (Creek) chief Efau Emathla and the American pioneer Daniel Boone, he lives near the quaint little community of Two Egg, Florida.
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From the earliest colonial settlements to Cold War bunkers, the North American continent has been home to thousands of forts and fortress structures. Fortress America surveys the broad sweep of fortifications throughout North America-from seacoast forts of the late eighteenth century to wooden inland forts built to defend against Native American, English, French, or Spanish attack; from Civil War-era coastal and inland waterways forts to the Great Plains' forts of the Old West; from World War II subterranean bunkers to Cold War concrete missile silos. The text of Fortress America is complemented with never-before-published photographs, and extraordinary drawings, cut-aways, and diagrams illustrating the design and structure of American forts.
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 35. Chapters: Fort Dearborn, Fort Mackinac, Fort Bowyer, Fort York, Fort Niagara, Fort McHenry, Fort Shelby, Fort Wetherill, Fort Jay, Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana, Fort Erie, Castle Williams, Fort Osage, Fort Adams, Ile aux Noix, Fort St. Joseph, Fort Johnson, Fort Nathan Hale, Newport Barracks, Fort George, Ontario, Fort Amherstburg, Fort Oswego, Fort Meigs, Fort Holmes, Fort Defiance, Fort Malden, Fort Hamilton Historic District, Fort Bellefontaine, Fort Schlosser, Fort Cap au Gris, Fort Williams, Fort Decatur, Fort Stephenson. Excerpt: Fort Mackinac is a former American military outpost garrisoned from the late 18th century to the late 19th century near Michilimackinac, Michigan, on Mackinac Island. The British built the fort during the American Revolutionary War to control the strategic Straits of Mackinac between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron (and by extension the fur trade on the Great Lakes) and did not relinquish it until fifteen years after American independence. It later became the scene of two strategic battles for control of the Great Lakes during the War of 1812. During most of the 19th century, it served as an outpost of the United States Army. Closed in 1895, the fort is now a museum on the grounds of Mackinac Island State Park. Before 1763, the French used Fort Michilimackinac on the mainland south shore of the Straits of Mackinac to control the area. After Treaty of Paris (1763), the British occupied the French fort but considered the wooden structure too difficult to defend. In 1780/1781, its lieutenant governor Patrick Sinclair constructed a new limestone fort on the 150-foot limestone bluffs of Mackinac Island above the beautiful Straits of Mackinac. The British held the outpost throughout the war. After Treaty of Paris (1783), the British did not relinquish the fort to the United States until 1796. Location...