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Process and Form in Geomorphology marks a turning point in geomorphological research. Stoddart has brought together a team of the leading international experts to offer important new studies into the processes, theory and history of landforms, and to present a framework for taking research forward into the new millenium. Illustrated throughout, Process and Form in Geomorphology takes up the challenges of the research agenda set by Richard Chorley and offers fresh insights into his unique contribution.
Hillslopes occupy most the landscape. Studies of process mechanisms and rates have become sufficiently numerous to allow a systematic study of slopes. Only by making a synthesis of quantitative process studies and relating them to the development of slope forms can the shape of the landscape be understood and the separate effects of lithology and climate assessed. In the introductory part of this book, the choice of appropriate system and scale is discussed, and models for uplift and erosion evaluated. Attention is thus focused on the dynamic equilibrium of the slope profile and its erosional development over time. Part I then examines the forces encouraging hillslope movement and the resistances opposing movement. Part 2 considers processes of rock instability, soil instability, wash, solution and soil creep. Each is discussed in terms of its mechanism and rate of operation, and the slope provides it produces. Part 3 outlines how this systematic approach may be applied to areas of different climate and the extent to which there is an assemblage of processes characteristic of each area. In part 4, the process evidence and models are combined into theoretical sequences of slope profile development, and the effect of contour curvature in modifying these profiles on spurts and in hollows is examined.
"These notes are about the process of design: the process of inventing things which display new physical order, organization, form, in response to function." This book, opening with these words, presents an entirely new theory of the process of design. In the first part of the book, Christopher Alexander discusses the process by which a form is adapted to the context of human needs and demands that has called it into being. He shows that such an adaptive process will be successful only if it proceeds piecemeal instead of all at once. It is for this reason that forms from traditional un-self-conscious cultures, molded not by designers but by the slow pattern of changes within tradition, are so beautifully organized and adapted. When the designer, in our own self-conscious culture, is called on to create a form that is adapted to its context he is unsuccessful, because the preconceived categories out of which he builds his picture of the problem do not correspond to the inherent components of the problem, and therefore lead only to the arbitrariness, willfulness, and lack of understanding which plague the design of modern buildings and modern cities. In the second part, Mr. Alexander presents a method by which the designer may bring his full creative imagination into play, and yet avoid the traps of irrelevant preconception. He shows that, whenever a problem is stated, it is possible to ignore existing concepts and to create new concepts, out of the structure of the problem itself, which do correspond correctly to what he calls the subsystems of the adaptive process. By treating each of these subsystems as a separate subproblem, the designer can translate the new concepts into form. The form, because of the process, will be well-adapted to its context, non-arbitrary, and correct. The mathematics underlying this method, based mainly on set theory, is fully developed in a long appendix. Another appendix demonstrates the application of the method to the design of an Indian village.
Process and Form in Geomorphology marks a turning point in geomorphological research. Stoddart has brought together a team of the leading international experts to offer important new studies into the processes, theory and history of landforms, and to present a framework for taking research forward into the new millenium. Illustrated throughout, Process and Form in Geomorphology takes up the challenges of the research agenda set by Richard Chorley and offers fresh insights into his unique contribution.
Coasts are some of the most rapidly changing places on earth. Understanding the natural adjustments that occur between coastal landforms and the processes that influence them is essential for the better management of coastal resources. Coasts provides a necessary background in geomorphology for those studying coastal systems. It describes the landforms that occur on the coast, their responses to the processes that shape them, and the pattern of evolution that can be determined for different types of coast over thousands of years. Numerous examples from around the world are used to illustrate the variety of environments. Particular attention is paid to coastal morphodynamics, the co-adjustment of process and form, on rocky, reef, sandy, deltaic-estuarine and muddy coasts. This valuable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students is well illustrated and contains an extensive reference section. It will also be of great interest to environmental scientists, geologists, coastal managers and planners.
With their insistence that form is a dialectical process in the music of Beethoven, Theodor Adorno and Carl Dahlhaus emerge as the guardians of a long-standing critical tradition in which Hegelian concepts have been brought to bear on the question of musical form. Janet Schmalfeldt's account of this Beethoven-Hegelian tradition restores to the term "form" some of its philosophical associations in the early nineteenth century, when profound cultural changes were yielding new relationships between composers and listeners, and when music itself became a topic for renewed philosophical investigation. A recurring metaphor in early nineteenth-century philosophical writings is the notion of becoming. In the Process of Becoming explores the idea of "form coming into being" in respect to music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Schumann. A critical assessment of Dahlhaus's preoccupation with the opening of Beethoven's "Tempest" Sonata serves as the author's starting point for the translation of philosophical ideas into music-analytical terms. Due to the ever-growing familiarity of late eighteenth-century audiences with formal conventions, composers could increasingly trust that performers and listeners would be responsive to striking formal transformations. Schmalfeldt's unique analytic method captures the dynamic, quasi-narrative nature of such transformations. This experiential approach invites listeners and performers to participate in the interpretation of processes by which, for example, brooding introduction-like openings become main themes and huge formal expansions offer a dazzling opportunity for multiple retrospective reinterpretations. Above all, In the Process of Becoming proposes new ways of hearing beloved works of the romantic generation as representative of a quest for novel, intensely self-reflective modes of communication.
First published in 1982, this remains a seminal work in geomorphology, a classic text. The reviews speak for themselves: "Rivers is undoubtedly one of the major contributions to the subject of fluvial geomorphology in the last decade. Keith Richards provides a detailed review of "the state of the art" in a field which has grown so much in recent years, that, on this basis alone, the book is a major achievement. It is an essential reference text for serious students and practitioners in geomorphology, sedimentology and river engineering." Sedimentology "In this book Keith Richards has assembled a wealth of information on the geomorphology of rivers.. (He) is to be congratulated on producing a thoroughly researched, up-to-date account of fluvial processes and landforms. This book will be a standard text for many years to come." Geography "This lucid and scholarly review will undoubtedly serve as an excellent advanced text for geomorphology courses and as a standard reference work for students in allied subjects." The Times Higher Education Supplement Keith Richards is Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge, where he is also a Fellow of Emmanuel College. He has been a member of the Department (University Lecturer, Reader, then Professor) since 1984, and before that was at the University of Hull. He originally graduated from Cambridge, both at Bachelor and PhD levels. During his career he has published in several areas of geomorphology, but his main research focus has been in fluvial geomorphology. He has been Secretary and Chairman of the British Geomorphological Research Group, and an editor of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. He has written or edited nine books and about 150 papers. His research interests have also included glacial hydrology, catchment and hillslope processes, and innovation in modelling and monitoring approaches in geomorphology and hydrology (such as terrestrial photogrammetry, MRI, computational fluid dynamics, and discrete element methods). He has also worked on the interaction of fluvial, hydrological and ecological processes in floodplain environments, including the roles of channel migration dynamics as a control of floodplain biodiversity, the roughness effects of woody riparian vegetation, and hydrological influences on floodplain ecology. His interests also range from the more philosophical aspects of field-based environmental research, to the application of research to practical problems (in, for example, Honduras, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Thailand, as well as in the UK and Europe).
Allometry, the study of the growth rate of an organism's parts in relation to the whole, has produced exciting results in research on animals. Now distinguished plant biologist Karl J. Niklas has written the first book to apply allometry to studies of the evolution, morphology, physiology, and reproduction of plants. Niklas covers a broad spectrum of plant life, from unicellular algae to towering trees, including fossil as well as extant taxa. He examines the relation between organic size and variations in plant form, metabolism, reproduction, and evolution, and draws on the zoological literature to develop allometric techniques for the peculiar problems of plant height, the relation between body mass and body length, and size-correlated variations in rates of growth. For readers unfamiliar with the basics of allometry, an appendix explains basic statistical methods. For botanists interested in an original, quantitative approach to plant evolution and function, and for zoologists who want to learn more about the value of allometric techniques for studying evolution, Plant Allometry makes a major contribution to the study of plant life.