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Zusammenfassung: This report is part of the study 'Nature and impact of German bilateral development cooperation in the forest sector' of the Institute of Forest Sciences at the University of Freiburg which explores scope, organization, impacts and policy trends of forest related bilateral German development cooperation in the context of overall international development assistance and with a particular comparative perspective on the case study countries Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia. This report focuses on the case study country Indonesia and explores the forest problematic and context of forest related German development cooperation in Indonesia as well as the influence and effectiveness of this cooperation. The report furthermore attempts an analysis of different approaches to forest protection and management, and includes an exploration of their suitability to achieve environmental and social goals of German development policies in the Forestry Sector as well as an assessment of various instruments applied in the context of these approaches.Chapter 2.1 provides an overview and analysis of the forest problematic and the socioeconomic and political context of forest related German development cooperation in Indonesia with a particular focus on Indonesia's involvement in the REDD preparatory process as well as problems regarding land tenure issues and forest dependent communities.Chapter 2.2 analyses forest related funding, programs, projects, and actors of bilateral German development cooperation in Indonesia in the context of overall German development assistance in Indonesia and the Southeast Asian region. In Chapter 2.3 two major programs of forest related bilateral German development cooperation in Indonesia are analyzed. The Forests and Climate Change Programme (FORCLIME) addresses the whole forestry sector in Indonesia. The review and assessment of the program is based on public documents and publications as well as on interviews with staff from all organizational levels of the program and people involved in activities of the program, with a particular focus on measures addressing community based forest management in Kalimantan. Another major focus of forest related German development cooperation in Indonesia is the support for Ecosystem Restoration Concessions (ERC). The analysis of this instrument concentrates on the Harapan Rainforest Project on Sumatra and is based on public documents and literature as well as on interviews and information from Harapan staff and other actors involved in the establishment of ERCs in Indonesia. Impacts of the ERC on forest dependent communities as well as national and transnational discourses regarding the Harapan Rainforest Project have been in the focus of the study.The concluding Chapter 2.4 provides a synthesis of the findings with regard to forest related bilateral German development cooperation in Indonesia. The chapter addresses problems and challenges found in the context of the study, assesses impacts and effectiveness of forest related German development cooperation in Indonesia, and suggests possible improvements with regard to future development cooperation. It furthermore provides an analysis of strategies and instruments of forest related development cooperation in the context of changing discourses on environment and development and reflects about the significance of related mindsets for the determination and implementation of development policies in the forest sector.The study is mainly based on the review and analysis of publicly available data on Official Development Assistance (ODA) and development projects as well as related documents, studies and literature. The study furthermore refers to information, opinions, and assessments provided by relevant persons in government agencies, development organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academic institutions and different stakeholder groups in Germany and in the case study countries which have been gathered in interviews, discussions and queries. In some parts, the analyses and assessments are supported by first-hand experiences of selected projects on site
Abstract: In the context of the guiding principle 'sustainable development', environmental protection, economic development, and social justice are conceptualized as converging and mutually supportive objectives, which require integrated approaches and ensure synergies. Environment and development politics, in practice, are fraught with diverging interests, goal conflicts and trade-offs regarding the different objectives, as well as competing approaches and incalculable impacts of measures. Based on a study of forest-related German development cooperation in Indonesia, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this article explores interdependencies between discursive framings and the practice of environment and development politics, with a focus on unequal weightings of ecological, economic, and social objectives as well as different strategic approaches. To capture different discursive positions and conceptualize the interrelation between discourse and practice, the mindsets 'regulation', 'competition', and 'empowerment' are distinguished. These cognitive frames, coined by different positions at the discursive level, guide perceptions, assessments, and action at the level of individual actors, and co-determine the practice of environment and development politics. Their impact has to be considered in order to devise development cooperation in a more reflective and deliberative way
Indonesia’s commitment to reducing land-based greenhouse gas emissions significantly includes the expansion of conservation areas, but these developments are not free of conflicts. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of agrarian conflicts in the context of the implementation of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) and forest carbon offsetting in Indonesia, a country where deforestation is a major issue. The author analyzes new kinds of transnational agrarian conflicts which have strong implications for global environmental justice in the REDD+ pilot province of Jambi on the island of Sumatra. The chapters cover: the rescaling of the governance of forests; privatization of conservation; and the transnational dimensions of agrarian conflicts and peasants' resistance in the context of REDD+. The book builds on an innovative conceptual approach linking political ecology, politics of scale and theories of power. It fills an important knowledge and research gap by focusing on the socially differentiated impacts of REDD+ and new forest carbon offsetting initiatives in Southeast Asia, providing a multi-scalar perspective. It is aimed at scholars in the areas of political ecology, human geography, climate change mitigation, forest and natural resource management, as well as environmental justice and agrarian studies. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781351066020, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Conservation of Indonesia's forests in historical and political context -- Formal and informal structures of Indonesian conservation -- A REDD herring : Why clearer land tenure, transparency and governance will not make REDD work -- Moratorium and One Map : The Norway-Indonesia Bilateral Partnership -- Sustainability as market discipline and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO).
Abstract: Approaches and instruments focused on market mechanisms and private enterprises, including private protected areas, are promoted as ways to resolve global environmental and developmental problems. In Indonesia, Ecosystem Restoration Concessions (ERCs) have been developed as a new market-oriented governmental instrument to counter current deforestation processes and to restore forest ecosystems. Conservation and development organizations, along with state authorities, view ERCs as a highly promising instrument in Indonesia and in other countries as well. Experiences with ERCs are still limited, however, and their viability is uncertain. The implementation of ERCs in Indonesia has been controversial and the impact of ERCs on forests and forest-dependent communities has been fiercely disputed. This article explores these conflicts and disputes with a focus on the Harapan ERC and weighs the relevance of ERCs for German development cooperation. The improvement of the accountability of such projects and the implementation of mediation facilities are emphasized as prerequisites to establishing such market-oriented instruments according to international standards of nature conservation, the rights of indigenous and local populations, and sustainable development. The author concludes that decisions about strategies and instruments applied in forest-related development cooperation must involve a reconsideration of the mindsets that currently determine conservation approaches and development cooperation
Many countries around the world are engaged in decentralization processes, and most African countries face serious problems with forest governance, from benefits sharing to illegality and sustainable forest management. This book summarizes experiences to date on the extent and nature of decentralization and its outcomes - most of which suggest an underperformance of governance reforms - and explores the viability of different governance instruments in the context of weak governance and expanding commercial pressures over forests. Findings are grouped into two thematic areas: decentralization, livelihoods and sustainable forest management; and international trade, finance and forest sector governance reforms. The authors examine diverse forces shaping the forest sector, including the theory and practice of decentralization, usurpation of authority, corruption and illegality, inequitable patterns of benefits capture and expansion of international trade in timber and carbon credits, and discuss related outcomes on livelihoods, forest condition and equity. The book builds on earlier volumes exploring different dimensions of decentralization and perspectives from other world regions, and distills dimensions of forest governance that are both unique to Africa and representative of broader global patterns. The authors ground their analysis in relevant theory while drawing out implications of their findings for policy and practice.
In September 2013, Indonesia officially signed a Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) to guarantee the legality of all timber products exported to the EU. Under the Indonesian VPA, a timber legality assurance system known as SVLK (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu) has already been developed and has been in effect since 1 January 2013 for woodworking, wood panels, and pulp and paper. When the VPA is fully implemented, SVLK will become FLEGT legality license and will meet European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) requirements for legal timber. The objective of this paper is to analyze the challenges of implementing SVLK in the small-scale forestry sector of Indonesia. The paper also assesses whether a mandatory approach to legality verification will be more effective in terms of assuring legality than voluntary approaches, such as certification. The analysis involved desk-based analysis of government statistics, policy documents, key stakeholder interviews, and field surveys in three major timber-producing provinces of Indonesia — Central Java, East Kalimantan and Papua. The paper discusses a number of challenges facing the implementation of SVLK, among others the cost of timber legality verification, limited societal awareness of SVLK, business legality issues among small-scale enterprises, and high levels of illegality in their timber supply chains. The paper closes by presenting a detailed set of policy options to address the observed challenges.
Provides an assessment of the international forest regime, in reponse to calls from many quarters, including the UN Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and the World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development, as well as several NGOs. The focus is mainly on action taken by countries at the global level, in the framework of legally binding instruments and institutions. It builds on previous analyses of the international forest regime by looking beyond the legal mandates to begin exploring the actual performance of the components against their mandates. With the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) Proposals for Action as the point for departure, the effectiveness and impact of individual legal instruments and global instutions are analyzed, as is the potential for synergy between them.