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Over the last 60 years, India's foreign trade has undergone a complete change in terms of composition and direction. The exports cover a wide range of traditional and non-traditional items while imports consist mainly of capital goods, petroleum products, raw materials, and chemicals to meet the ever-increasing needs of a developing and diversifying economy. In recognition of the growing importance of the foreign trade in driving the economy, this book describes and examines changes in the pattern of India's foreign trade since Independence in 1947, with focus on post-1991 developments. The book addresses issues related to trade policy, export strategy, tariff policy, current account dynamics, exchange rate management, foreign exchange reserves, capital account liberalization, external debt and aid, foreign investments (both direct and portfolio), and the WTO.
For about 40 years, foreign trade of India suffered from strict bureaucratic and discretionary controls. Beginning in 1991, the government introduced a series of reforms to liberalize and globalize the Indian economy. Reforms in the external sector were intended to integrate the country's economy with the world economy. The major trade policy changes in the post-1991 period have included simplification of procedures, removal of quantitative restrictions, and substantial reduction in the tariff rates. The products wherein India has the maximum presence in the international market in terms of export share are spices, marine products, precious/semi-precious stones, and textiles. Recent trends, however, indicate that the commodity structure of India's exports has slowly begun to shift towards higher technology intensive manufacturing. This book focuses on the country's export policy, since the greatest challenge facing its economy is to enhance its productivity and competitiveness, so as to achieve a sustained growth in the exports of goods and services. [Subject: India Studies, Economics, Trade]
Between 1950 and 1990, foreign trade of India suffered from strict bureaucratic and discretionary controls. Beginning 1991, the Government of India introduced a series of reforms to liberalise and globalise the Indian economy. Reforms in the foreign trade sector were intended to integrate Indian economy with the global economy. The major trade policy changes in the post-1991 period have included simplification of procedures, removal of quantitative restrictions, and substantial reduction in the tariff rates. Since early 1990s, India's foreign trade has undergone a complete change in terms of composition and direction. Exports now cover a wide range of traditional and non-traditional items while imports mainly consist of capital goods, petroleum products, raw materials, and chemicals to meet the ever-increasing needs of a developing and diversifying economy. Exports have acquired added significance in the wake of liberalisation wave sweeping across the world. The trend towards market economy in almost all the countries of the world has increased the role of exports in developmental efforts. Exports have become an important indicator of a country's economic performance. The surge i
For about 40 years (1950-90), foreign trade of India suffered from strict bureaucratic and discretionary controls. Similarly, foreign exchange transactions were tightly controlled by the Government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). From Independence in 1947 till mid-1990s, India, with some exceptions, always faced deficit in its balance of payments, i.e. value of imports always exceeded the value of exports. Exports remained relatively sluggish owing to lack of exportable surplus, competition in the international market, inflation at home, and increasing protectionist policies of the developed countries. Beginning 1991, the Government of India introduced a series of reforms to liberalise and globalise the Indian economy. Indias approach to openness has been cautious, contingent on achieving certain preconditions to ensure an orderly process of liberalisation and ensuring macroeconomic stability. The broad approach to reforms in the foreign trade sector was laid out in the Report of the High Level Committee on Balance of Payments (Chairman: C. Rangarajan), 1993. The major trade policy changes in the post-1991 period have included (a) simplification of procedures, (b) removal of quantitative restrictions, (c) substantial reduction in the tariff rates, (d) moving towards current account convertibility, (e) liberal inflows of private capital, (f) shift towards market-determined exchange rate, (g) gradual liberalisation of restrictions on outflows, (h) focus on export growth and (i) attracting non-debt creating capital flows. In recognition of the growing importance of foreign trade in the Indian economy, this book provides a comprehensive description and analysis of post-Independence developments in Indias foreign trade and allied sectors with focus on post-1991 period. The book contains 19 chapters which are categorized into the following six theme parts: Part I: International Trade: Theoretical Settings and Emerging Pattern. Part II: Indias Foreign Trade Policy and Developments. Part III: Indias Exports, Imports, Customs Tariff, and Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Part IV: Exchange Rate and Convertibility. Part V: Foreign Debt, Aid and Investment. Part VI: WTO and Indias Regional Trade Agreements. Besides, there are the following 3 appendices: Appendix 1: Text of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), August 27, 2009 to March 31, 2014. Appendix 2: Group of Twenty (G-20). Appendix 3: E-commerce. Other features of the book include □ Year-wise Review of Developments in Indias Foreign Trade: 1947-48 to 2011-12 □ Glossary of Trade-related Terms □ Time-series Statistics of Indias Foreign Trade □ Bibliography □ Index.
"The book strongly advocates intensification of exports through a radical review of the policies that have regulated Indian industry since independence1⁄4. The authors have presented a vivid exposition of India's trade policy since independence and the performance of the Indian companies therein. The book is a timely contribution to the ongoing debate on India's foreign trade policies." --The Indian Journal of Social Science "The authors have given a good account of India's export efforts. The volume should prove a valuable asset in the formulation of relevant Indian strategies to promote exports in the regime of the new World Trade Organisation." --The Journal of Entrepreneurship "This book constitutes a strong and cogent case for further intensifying India's export thrust through a radical review of the policies that have regulated Indian industry since 1947. It also provides a background to understand the economic reforms that have been initiated since 1990. It will be of immense use to those studying international trade, political economy and development economics." --Finance India Virtually all developing countries have endeavored to increase their exports to pay for the wide range of essential goods that many of them need to import. The policies that impact vary from country to country. In the case of India, the country's planners emphasized import substitution combined with restrictions on imports and the development of indigenous industries. As this volume reveals, such inward-oriented and protectionist policies severely limited the role of international trade in India's economy. Focusing on the 1970s and 1980s, this study analyzes the export performance of India's manufacturing sector and the efforts made to encourage Indian industry to contribute to export earnings in a more substantial manner. The first part of the study provides macro-economic data and the second part presents data relating to the export performance of more than 400 Indian companies in the private sector. A book providing a strong and cogent case for further intensifying India's export thrust, India's Trade Policy and the Export Performance of Industry will appeal to those interested in the subjects of political economy, international trade, and development economics. "The timely and valuable contribution of the authors to the crucial issues of India's trade policy and its export performance is highly commendable. The pertinent questions raised by the authors in the course of their analysis require serious consideration." Southern Economist "Highly interesting book . . . With liberalization and a free market economy poised to bring about a sea of change in the situation, the historical background of India's export policy will make good reading for a long time to come." -The Economic Times "The book is a useful addition to the empirical literature on India's trade policy. The book is particularly helpful for students and policymakers, who may ant to study the implications of trade policy on exports at a sectoral and industrial level of disaggregation." -Deccan Herald