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Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The paper deals with foreign currency translation under IAS/IFRS considering hedging strategies that help to minimize foreign currency exposures. It is broadly described, which currency exposures companies face, which basic hedging strategies exist and how they are accounted for in consolidated financial statements of international groups. After the foreign currency exposures are introduced and basic hedging strategies for each of these exposures are provided, the procedure of foreign currency translations according to IAS 21 (revised 2003) is introduced. The paper deals with the translation of transactions denominated in currencies other than the company s home currency as well as with the inclusion of foreign subsidiaries in the consolidated financial statements. Therefore, various examples are provided. As the topic of the thesis is foreign currency hedging, a closer look is taken on IAS 39 (revised 2003) which includes introduction of the three kinds of hedging and their accounting as required by IAS 39. Especially the links between IAS 21 and IAS 39 are pointed out and analyzed. Also the section dealing with IAS 39 provides various examples that make the reader understand the accounting and consolidation procedures. At the end, exposure drafts of the IASB dealing with IAS 39 are introduced and the possible effects are briefly mentioned. This paper also includes a case study, based on the example of a big Chilean incorporated Company. This case study provides the problems and possible solutions of foreign currency risks a real company faces as well as the related accounting issues. Furthermore, the case study shows, how foreign currency hedges are accounted for using other accounting principles (here Chilean GAAP) and which steps have to be taken to perform a reconciliation from Chilean GAAP to IFRS. As the thesis has been presented at a German university, all questions and important points are seen from both, a theoretic view and a practical view. It provides the reader a comprehensive knowledge of currency translation and hedge accounting and makes him able to understand where these two topics are linked and which problems related to this topic companies face when preparing (consolidated) financial statements under IFRS. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: AcknowledgementsI AbbreviationsV List of TablesVII 1.ntroduction1 2.Management of Foreign Currency Risks5 2.1Currency Exposures5 2.1.1General [...]
A succinct, yet highly informative guide to IPSAS and their application IPSAS Explained provides a concise summary of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards for practitioners needing to maintain compliance with ever-changing practices. Comprehensively updated to align with newly-accepted standards in key subject areas and including the latest iteration of the framework and improvement projects, this guide distills each standard into a useful and accessible format. Coverage of each IPSAS includes a brief overview of the basic principles behind it, as well as charts, graphs and tables that provide information at a glance. Updated material includes discussion of the new IPSASB governance structure, including the Public Interest Committee and Consultative Advisory Group, as well as information on the current Exposure Drafts and the changes forthcoming from the Improvements Project. New sections on First-Time Adoption of Accrual Basis IPSAS, new consolidation standards and Service Performance Reporting bring practitioners completely up to date to help ensure full compliance. Locate relevant IPSAS quickly and easily Get up to date on newly adopted standards Deepen conceptual understanding with graphical representations Understand the operations of the IPSASB, as well as new and ongoing projects The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board is engaged in the ongoing process of bringing public sector accounting in line with the IPSAS, which largely align with the IFRS model: where an IFRS exists, it is either adopted directly or adjusted to be suitable for the public sector; where no relevant IFRS exists, the IPSASB issues an IPSAS. IPSAS Explained condenses and clarifies each IPSAS, providing context, background and practical guidance to help practitioners find the answers they need to comply.
Financial globalization paired with the relaxation of constraints on capital flows between countries before the 2008 crisis, increased merger activities among the World’s largest stock exchanges. The financial crisis of 2008 had a severe impact on the development of equity markets, corporate financial stability, and corporate governance, and a multi-step approach is needed to fully appreciate the causes and effects of this event. This book engages the separate strands of literature to advance a more holistic understanding of whether and how the national institutional environments in selected countries around the world has been changed after the crisis. Institutions and Accounting Practices after the Financial Crisis: International Perspective sets out a framework for the analysis of institutional environments and accounting practices in in selected countries around the world during the pre-crisis period, followed by an examination of the impact of the crisis. It scrutinizes the changing roles of debt and equity markets; the shift in accounting practices and capital financing choices due to the economic downturn; and the lessons that can be obtained from the financial crisis, while considering the institutional architecture of international business environments. This ongoing process of integration and globalization increases interdependence between world markets, and allows shocks to propagate across national and continental lines, making the understanding of international markets vitally important to American investors. Aimed at primarily researchers, academics and students in the fields of international accounting, management and finance, Institutions and Accounting Practices after the Financial Crisis: International Perspective will additionally be of value to practitioners and policy makers, supplying them with information regarding the changes in accounting practices and risk evaluation due to the crisis.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,0, Reutlingen University (sib - school of international business Reutlingen), course: International Financing, language: English, abstract: Risk management within companies is getting more and more important. The reasons for this development are varied. The most important factor is doubtless the internationalisation of companies. Acting on international markets offers on the one hand numerous chances for an enterprise but on the other hand it also holds an additional risk potential concerning losses. This negative aspect is mainly caused by a lack of information regarding political risk and exchange rate risk. Risk management is also necessary referring to change in interest rates. It is possible to limit, control and organize the interest rate risk as well as other risks of the company. As the financial outcome of a company gains importance risk management concerning interest rates and exchange rates is thus essential. To face these risks and other problems that derive of variations in stock markets, interest markets or exchange markets derivative instruments play a significant role. In April 2003 the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) published a survey of derivatives usage by the world’s 500 largest companies. According to this study 85% of the companies use derivatives to help manage interest rate risk and 78% of them use derivatives to help manage currency risk. Only 8% of the 500 largest companies do not use derivatives. There are many different kinds of financial instruments which are very complex in their function. This paper has its focus on interest rate and currency swaps. By using these instruments it is possible to hedge interest rate risks or currency risks. The first chapter gives an overview about existing derivatives and about the structure and function of swaps. Moreover the different kinds of traders with emphasis on hedging will be described. Afterwards the impact of interest risks on companies as well as OTC instruments that are used for hedging are explained. Subsequently the definition of an interest rate swap follows plus the application of this instrument with regard to hedging. In chapter five the currency risk management and types of exchange rate risks are illustrated. After that it will be explained how to hedge these exchange rate risks. The paper then gives a description of currency swaps and their application. Reasons for swaps in general as well as possible risks will also be pointed out. [...]