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This report describes the key findings that emerged from the analysis of the studies generated by the Food and Nutrition Security Resilience Programme (FNS-REPRO) in Sudan and from and other relevant sources,and complemented by the findings from the rapid value chain assessments and stories of change undertaken in the target areas. Also subsequent recommendations that emerged from reflecting on these findings in a sensemaking event in June 2022 are included. FNS-REPRO is designed to strengthen the resilience of food systems for food and nutrition security in conflict affected regions in the Horn of Africa and focuses on Somaliland, South Sudan and Sudan. These findings have been summarized and are used as input for the annual sensemaking event in June 2022, during which they were reflected upon by FAO & WUR staff and key stakeholders, as to generate key suggestions for improvement of the program but also of staff and stakeholder to learn lessons and take action within their own sphere of influence and control. The key suggestions for improvement serve as input for the next annual plan of FNS-REPRO and as such influence adaptive programming. They also serve as input for other related issues and activities outside FNS-REPRO.The analysis of these findings and the facilitation of the sensemaking events have been carried out by Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen University and Research, as a key partner forthe FNS-REPRO knowledge agenda.
This report describes the key findings that emerged from the analysis of the studies generated by the Food and Nutrition Security Resilience Programme (FNS-REPRO) in South-Sudan and from and other relevant sources. The FNS-REPRO is designed to strengthen the resilience of food systems for food and nutrition security in conflict affected regions in the Horn of Africa and focuses on Somaliland, South Sudan and Sudan. These findings have been summarized and used as input for the annual sensemaking event, during which they were reflected upon by FAO & WUR staff and key stakeholders, so as to generate key suggestions for improvement of the program. The key suggestions for improvement serve as input for the next annual plan of FNS-REPRO and as such influence adaptive programming. The analysis of these findings and the facilitation of the sensemaking events have been carried out by Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen University and Research, as a key partner for FNS-REPRO for the knowledge agenda.
Wheat is a strategic and political good in Sudan and has played a central role in the country’s economy during successive regimes. Disruptions in Sudan’s wheat value chain usually leads to shortages of wheat bread, price spikes, and political unrest. With the objective of ensuring sufficient grain supplies for domestic consumption, Sudan’s domestic and imported wheat sectors have been subject to several government interventions over the last decades. Most interventions have focused on and aimed to (i) stimulate domestic production, (ii) ensure a reliable flow of wheat imports to compensate for low domestic wheat production, and (iii) monitor wheat flour and bread distribution processes to limit leakage and wastage. Sudan has two distinct wheat value chains: one for imported wheat and one for domestic wheat. The imported wheat value chain involves three major actors: milling companies, wheat flour agents, and bakeries. The domestic (locally produced) wheat value chain involves four main actors: wheat producers, wheat grain wholesalers, wheat grain retailers, and consumers. To understand the landscape of the wheat sector in Sudan, this report relies on rapid assessment surveys of the main wheat value chain actors. The aim is to closely identify different value chain actors’ distinct roles of the and to explore their linkages. The report evaluates and identifies key bottlenecks that likely cause wheat and bread supply disruptions while also shedding light on untapped opportunities and possible policy options to improve the functioning of Sudan’s wheat sector. We document wheat value chain actors’ policy preferences, which vary depending on whether actors are engaged in the domestic or the imported value chain. The report highlights the differential impact of COVID-19 and related mobility restrictions on wheat value chain members. For example, while wheat production remains mostly unaffected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the marketing, trade, and distribution of wheat and wheat flour has been adversely affected by it.
This report describes the key findings that emerged from the analysis of the studies generated by the Food and Nutrition Security Resilience Programme (FNS-REPRO) in South-Sudan and from and other relevant sources. The FNS-REPRO is designed to strengthen the resilience of food systems for food and nutrition security in conflict affected regions in the Horn of Africa and focuses on Somaliland, South Sudan and Sudan. These findings have been summarized and used as input for the annual sensemaking event, during which they were reflected upon by FAO & WUR staff and key stakeholders, so as to generate key suggestions for improvement of the program. The key suggestions for improvement serve as input for the next annual plan of FNS-REPRO and as such influence adaptive programming. The analysis of these findings and the facilitation of the sensemaking events have been carried out by Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen University and Research, as a key partner for FNS-REPRO for the knowledge agenda.
Wheat flour and bread have played a central role in Sudan’s political economy throughout the country’s post-independence history. In 2019, increasing bread prices precipitated the protests that ousted the government of Omar al-Bashir. How has Sudan’s recent political transition and economic circumstances impacted distortions within the wheat value chain? What are the policy preferences of relevant stakeholders for improving the affordability of wheat products and the productivity of domestic wheat farmers? This paper addresses these questions by drawing on key informant interviews in Sudan and utilizing a political settlements approach, which captures the underlying distribution of power among elites and citizens. The post-revolution political settlement contains a much broader distribution of power shared between a civilian alliance movement and the military, each of which has distinct interests in the wheat value chain. The paper elucidates the preferences of different stakeholders to address policy distortions and discusses bottlenecks that need to be overcome for those options to be feasible. In doing so, the analysis reveals that, while the policy of subsidizing bread remains contentious, there are broader coalitions for interventions related to regulatory and monitoring reforms, improvements in domestic wheat procurement, enhanced agricultural investments, and targeted cash transfers to cushion subsidy reductions.
Dealing with the latest information on polysaccharide gum research, particularly focused on gum Arabic, this book covers the production, identification, classification, and application of these important carbohydrate polymers. Written by leading experts, it will be an essential reference for researchers in industry and academia interested in the continued advances in this area.
Gum Arabic: Structure, Properties, Application and Economics explores the management practices of gum Arabic producing trees and their environmental role, the characteristics and properties of the gum, and presents current and developing uses in food, feed, and medicinal applications. The book provides insight into regulatory aspects of production and quality control as well as underscoring some of the geographically based differences in gum Arabic trees, production, and regulation of products. Written by experts in the field, the book provides current research and developments in gum Arabic. It is an important resource for researchers in industry and academia interested in the advances in this area. - Written by leading experts from key gum Arabic producing regions of the world - Explores the management practices of gum Arabic, from the environmental role of the tree to uses in food, feed, and medicinal applications - Provides nanoscience and nanotechnology applications using gum Arabic - Discusses applications of gum Arabic in medicine and health - Presents new research and trends in gum Arabic, investigating the physical properties, such as electric, optical, thermal, and magnetic
This study aims to explore the forms of dealing with Gum Arabic commodity and its environment. A comparison between the local forms of negligence and the image of global attention and uses of this item. The study sample is a multi-stage random sample which was chosen from the community of producers. A (Chi-square) test has been applied to study the correlation between variables. Key findings, pointing out that local taxes and fees constituted a burden more than 50% of the price, and there is negligence in the provision of production inputs and essential services such as water, and there was cutting of Acacia Senegal, because of the low prices. The paper has recommended the need to abolish local taxes and fees, and the provision of production inputs, and essential services, and issuing laws that prohibit cutting acacia senegal.