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This publication, “Risk Management – Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures,” describes risk management functions and responsibilities applicable to the joint task force (JTF) and service staffs. It applies risk management planning procedures to the military decision making process and employs the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) for the operation planning team. This publication provides a consolidated multiservice reference addressing risk management background, principles, and application procedures. To facilitate multiservice interoperability, this publication identifies and explains the risk management process and its differences and similarities as it is applied by each service. Risk management is a process that assists decision makers in reducing or offsetting risk (by systematically identifying, assessing, and controlling risk arising from operational factors) and making decisions that weigh risks against mission benefits. Risk is an expression of a possible loss or negative mission impact stated in terms of probability and severity. The risk management process provides leaders and individuals a method to assist in identifying the optimum course of action (COA). Risk management must be fully integrated into planning, preparation, and execution. Commanders are responsible for the application of risk management in all military operations. Risk management facilitates the mitigation of the risks of threats to the force. For the purposes of this document, threat is defined as a source of danger—any opposing force, condition, source, or circumstance with the potential to negatively impact mission accomplishment and/or degrade mission capability. Each of the services uses similar but slightly different processes. This publication provides a single process to enable warfighters from different services to manage risk from a common perspective. Risk management is useful in developing, deploying, and employing the joint force. Development concerns force design, manpower allocation, training development, and combat material developments. Deploying and employing the joint force generates concerns in force protection and balancing risk against resource constraints. Military operations are inherently complex, dynamic, dangerous and, by nature, involve the acceptance of risk. Because risk is often related to gain, leaders weigh risk against the benefits to be gained from an operation. The commander's judgment balances the requirement for mission success with the inherent risks of military operations. Leaders have always practiced risk management in military decision making; however, the approach to risk management and degree of success vary widely depending on the leader's level of training and experience. Since the Korean conflict, United States forces have suffered more losses from noncombat causes than from enemy action. Key factors contributing to those losses include—Rapidly changing operational environment; Fast-paced, high operations tempo and high personnel tempo; Equipment failure, support failure, and effects of the physical environment; Human factors. The fundamental goal of risk management is to enhance operational capabilities and mission accomplishment, with minimal acceptable loss.
This multi-Service publication represents a significant revision of the November 1986 publication. The scope of the previous publication was limited to the effect that weather and terrain have on nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) operations and obscuration operations. This publication expands that scope to include the doctrinal employment of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) capabilities (organizations, personnel, technology, and information) to characterize CBRN threats and hazards, including toxic industrial material (TIM), to the commander and the force. It is designed to provide commanders and staffs at the operational and tactical levels with capability employment planning data and considerations to shape military operations involving CBRN threats and hazards (CBRN shape) and a better understanding of where and when to expect CBRN hazards by applying information management (IM) to the military decisionmaking process (MDMP)/Marine Corps planning process (MCPP). This publication incorporates the characteristics of CBRN shape as addressed in joint concepts and in doctrine; and it provides doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for managing CBRN threats and hazards in the larger context of multi-Service military operations. The chapters present a doctrinal foundation, and specific TTP are included in appendixes. This manual also incorporates the joint doctrine elements for combating weapons of mass destruction (WMD), to include the passive defense capabilities of CBRN shape, CBRN sense, CBRN shield, and CBRN sustain. During military operations, this publication is subordinate to current joint publications (JPs) addressing this topic. This document incorporates the following key guidance—• National strategy to combat WMD.• National military strategy to combat WMD.• Department of Defense (DOD) protection joint functional concept.• Joint enabling concept for CBRN defense.• JP 3-40.The purpose of this publication is to provide commanders, staffs, key agencies, and Service members with a key reference for understanding, characterizing, and managing CBRN threats and hazards in a particular operational environment (OE). This manual bridges the gap between Service and joint doctrine. It contains TTP for commanders and staff to use for characterizing and managing CBRN threats and hazards while conducting multi-Service military operations. This manual addresses concepts, principles, fundamentals, planning, operational considerations, and training and support functions. It serves as the foundation for developing Service manuals and refining existing training support packages, mission training plans, training center and unit exercises, and Service school curricula. It drives the examination of organizations and materiel developments applicable to military support of CBRN aspects of command and control (C2).This publication is designed for use at the operational and tactical levels but has implications at the strategic level in the implementation of CBRN supporting strategic objectives. The manual will support command staffs, CBRN staff officers, CBRN noncommissioned officers (NCOs), non-CBRN personnel performing collateral duties as additional-duty CBRN officers or NCOs, and employees of civilian agencies in the assessment, planning, preparation, and execution of CBRN C2 functions. This publication is intended to provide multi- Service C2 concepts and considerations for planning for, responding to, and recovering from CBRN events. It is not stand-alone guidance for United States (U.S.) Air Force (USAF) CBRN actions and activities. It is applicable to USAF units and USAF teams only in conjunction with appropriate USAF-specific publications, installation plans, supporting checklists, and other appropriate guidance.
This United States Army Multi-Service manual, Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-52.2 TAGS Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for The Theater Air-Ground System May 2020, provides a generic concept and procedures for TAGS operations. It is a framework for all planners to facilitate the integration of air and ground operations. The theater air-ground system (TAGS) is a conglomeration of systems. For the purpose of this publication, TAGS refers to organizations, personnel, equipment, and procedures that participate in planning and executing all air-ground operations. Understanding the chain of command and systems comprising TAGS allows it to be maximized, providing the ability to create quick and decisive combat results. The objective of this publication is to describe how each of the Service component's systems operate within the TAGS. TAGS combines each Service's command and control (C2) and airspace control system into a multi-domain framework, allowing each Service to operate as part of a unified effort in support of the joint force commander (JFC).This MTTP publication applies to all commanders and their staffs. This publication is approved for public release with Distribution Statement A, in accordance with Department of Defense Directive Instruction 5230.24, Distribution Statements on Technical Documents.TAGS incorporates the Army air-ground system (AAGS), Marine air command and control system (MACCS), Navy tactical air control system (NTACS), special operations air-ground system (SOAGS), and the theater air control system (TACS) into one system. Each Service component's air-ground system is designed to facilitate C2 of its operations and interface with the TAGS. The roles, responsibilities, and authorities of each TAGS element is spelled out in theater-wide documents, such as the area air defense plan (AADP), airspace control plan (ACP), and operational task link (OPTASKLINK). When delegated tasks and authorities exceed the component commander's scope of operations, the responsibilities and authorities are included in the special instructions (SPINS).This United States Government TTP publication is known as: Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-52.2 Marine Corps Reference Publication MCRP 3-20.1 Navy Tactical Techniques Publication NTTP 3-56.2 Air Force Tactics Techniques and Procedures AFTTP 3-2.17