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The Flood of 1993 was an unusual and significant hydrometeorological event that devastated the Midwest. The 1993 was distinctive from all other record floods in terms of its magnitude, severity, damage and the season in which it occurred. The present report contains information about the flood and the general involvement of the Corps in the flood-affected areas. An appendix which provides detailed flood descriptions, data, and information on Corps flood control, flood fight and post flood activities is included for each of the district offices involved: Appendices A (St. Paul District) and Appendices B (Rock Island District) cover the Mississippi River basin above Lock and Dam no. 22; Appendix C (St. Louis District) concerns the Mississippi River basin below Lock and Dam no. 22; Appendix D (Omaha District) and Appendix E (Kansas City District) cover the Missouri River Basin.
The floods of March-May 1965 in the upper Mississippi River basin occurred as two different events, one during the latter part of February and early March and the other starting early in April and extending into May. Factors contributing to the floods were rapid melting of the winter accumulation of snow, heavy rains on the snow pack, and deeply frozen ground throughout much of the basin, which made the soil almost impervious and thereby greatly increased the amount of runoff. Peak stages and discharges during the floods exceeded previous known maxima at many points. Included in this report are peak stages and discharges for these floods at 333 sites; flood damages; effect of drainage and storage on flood peaks; and the operations of the U.S. Geological Survey and other Federal agencies during the flood emergency.
From mid-June through early August 1993, flooding was severe in the upper Mississippi River Basin following a wet-weather pattern that persisted over the area for at least 6 months before the flood. The magnitude and timing of several intense rainstorms in late June and July, combined with wet antecedent climatic conditions, were the principal causes of the flooding. Flood-peak discharges that equaled or exceeded the 10-year recurrence interval were recorded at 154 streamflow-gaging stations in the upper Mississippi River Basin. At 41 streamflow-gaging stations, the peak discharge was greater than the previous maximum known discharge. At 15 additional gaging stations, peak discharges exceeded the previous maximum regulated peak discharge. At 45 gaging stations, peak discharges exceeded 100-year recurrence intervals.
The severe 1973 spring flood in the Mississippi River basin had its beginnings in the mild, wet fall and winter of 1972. Many tributary streams and reservoir levels were well above normal throughout the basin when heavy spring rains begin to fall. Frequent and prolonged warm rains associated with extratropical cyclones and frontal activities fell over large areas of the Mississippi basin in March and April 1973. The cumulative effect of those rainfalls lead to the 1973 Mississippi River basin flood, characterized by its long duration, high volumes of runoff, and large coincident tonnage of sediment transported.