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This book describes the history of the NASA Ames 40- by 80-Foot and 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnels and is organized in four parts: Design and Construction; Operation and Management History; Research History; and Concluding Remarks, References, and Appendices.
"Much has been written about the famous conflicts and battlegrounds of the East during the American Revolution. Perhaps less familiar, but equally important and exciting, was the war on the western frontier, where Ohio Valley settlers fought for the land they had claimed -- and for their very lives. George Rogers Clark stepped forward to organize the local militias into a united front that would defend the western frontier from Indian attacks. Clark was one of the few people who saw the importance of the West in the war effort as a whole, and he persuaded Virginia's government to lend support to his efforts. As a result Clark was able to cross the Ohio, saving that part of the frontier from further raids. Lowell Harrison captures the excitement of this vital part of American history while giving a complete view of George Rogers Clark's significant achievements. Lowell H. Harrison, is a professor emeritus of history at Western Kentucky University and is the author or co-author of numerous books, including Lincoln of Kentucky, A New History of Kentucky, and Kentucky's Governors."
This NASA special publication presents a general overview of the flight research that has been conducted at Ames Research Center over the last 57 years. Icing research, transonic model testing, aerodynamics, variable stability aircraft, boundary layer control, short takeoff and landing (STOL), vertical/ short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) and rotorcraft research are among the major topics of interest discussed. Flying qualities, stability and control, performance evaluations, gunsight tracking and guidance and control displays research are also presented. An epilogue is included which presents the significant contributions that came about as a result of research and development conducted at Ames. Flight research has been an integral and essential part of the missions of, first, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and, later, its successor, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The NACA's Ames Aeronautical Laboratory was established at Moffett Field, California, in 1939. In its role as an aeronautical research laboratory, Ames, from its inception, made the most of the linkage between exploratory and developmental testing in its wind tunnels and in flight. The research carried out in flight had numerous technical areas of emphasis over the years, and most of the individual experiments can be categorized accordingly. These areas are identified in the narrative to follow as icing research; transonic model testing; aerodynamics research; flying qualities, stability and control, and performance evaluation; variable stability aircraft; gunsight tracking and guidance and control displays; in-flight thrust reversing and steep approach research; boundary-layer control research; short takeoff and landing (STOL) and vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft research; and rotorcraft research. From the earliest days of Ames Aeronautical Laboratory until the creation of NASA, the focus of flight research was on military aircraft and their operations. Icing research and the earliest efforts in aerodynamics and flying qualities research occurred during World War II and were intended to aid in the design and operation of aircraft for the Army Air Corps and the Navy. From the war's end until the late 1950s, motivation for research came from the need to achieve ever higher performance and to advance the technology in wing aerodynamics. Upon the transition from the NACA to NASA, headquarters assigned Ames the responsibility for powered-lift research, including flight research with STOL and V/STOL aircraft. This decision was influenced by Ames' broad technical background with this category of aircraft in aerodynamics, performance, stability and control, flying qualities, and operations and because of the presence of the 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel and its experienced aerodynamics staff that had developed considerable expertise in powered-lift technology. Another influence on this decision was the interest the U.S. Army had expressed in this area of technology and the beginnings of what would become a cooperative program in aeronautical research with Ames. Thus, powered-lift research grew into a major effort that has lasted to the present day, supporting military along with newly emerging civil needs. It included the development and flight of several proof-of-concept aircraft, particularly the XV-15 tilt rotor, which stands as one of Ames' most important contributions to aeronautical technology. Further, it was soon to be augmented with rotorcraft flight research when NASA chose to consolidate rotary-wing technology efforts at Ames in the late 1970s. This research was supported and strongly influenced by the Army through its research laboratory, which had been established and collocated at Ames in the late 1960s. This collaborative program continues to this day.
A rotorcraft is a class of aircraft that uses large-diameter rotating wings to accomplish efficient vertical take-off and landing. The class encompasses helicopters of numerous configurations (single main rotor and tail rotor, tandem rotors, coaxial rotors), tilting proprotor aircraft, compound helicopters, and many other innovative configuration concepts. Aeromechanics covers much of what the rotorcraft engineer needs: performance, loads, vibration, stability, flight dynamics, and noise. These topics include many of the key performance attributes and the often-encountered problems in rotorcraft designs. This comprehensive book presents, in depth, what engineers need to know about modelling rotorcraft aeromechanics. The focus is on analysis, and calculated results are presented to illustrate analysis characteristics and rotor behaviour. The first third of the book is an introduction to rotorcraft aerodynamics, blade motion, and performance. The remainder of the book covers advanced topics in rotary wing aerodynamics and dynamics.
The Limits of Expertise reports a study of the 19 major U.S. airline accidents from 1991-2000 in which the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found crew error to be a causal factor. Each accident is reported in a separate chapter that examines events and crew actions and explores the cognitive processes in play at each step.
This volume is a collection of 16 essays on the NACA and NASA aerospace research projects that received the prestigious Robert J. Collier Trophy. From NACA achievements such as the Whitcomb Area Rule and the NACA Engine Cowling to NASA landmarks such as the first Space Shuttle flight and the Hubble Space Telescope's first servicing mission, this book covers a variety of important NACA/NASA achievements. We recommend it highly for all students interested in aerospace history.
The late Captain Frank H Hawkins FRAes, M Phil, was Human Factors Consultant to KLM, for whom he had flown for over 30 years as line captain and R & D pilot, designing the flight decks for all KLM aircraft from the Viscount to the Boeing 747. In this period he developed and applied his specialization in Human Factors. His perception of lack of knowledge of Human Factors and its disastrous consequences led him to initiate both an annual course on Human Factors in Transport Aircraft Operation at Loughborough and Aston Universities, and the KLM Human Factors Awareness Course (KHUFAC). A consultant member of SAE S-7 committee, he was also a member of the Human Factors Society and a Liveryman of the Guild of Air Pilots. He was keynote speaker at the ICAO Human Factors Seminar held in St Petersburg, Russia in April 1990. About the Editor The late Captain Harry W Orlady was an Aviation Human Factors Consultant and a former Senior Research Scientist for the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS); he also worked with NASA/Ames, with private research firms and the FAA in its certification of the Boeing 747-400 and the McDonnell-Douglas MK-11. As a pilot with United Airlines he flew 10 types of aircraft ranging from the DC-3 to the Boeing 747. He conducted studies in ground and flight training, Human Factors, aviation safety and aeromedical fields, and received several major awards and presented nearly 100 papers or lectures. He was an elected fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association; a member of the Human Factors Society, of ICE Flight Safety and Human Factors Study Group, and the SAE Human Behavioural Technology and G-10 Committees.