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An in-flight evaluation of transport roll characteristics in the landing approach was made with a general purpose airborne simulator. The evaluation task consisted of an instrument approach with a visual correction for a (200-foot) lateral offset. Pilot evaluations and ratings were obtained for approaches made at 140 knots and 180 knots indicated airspeed with variations of wheel characteristics, maximum roll rate, and roll time constant.
The report uses as a point of departure the concept that control of bank angle is the primary piloting task in maintaining or changing heading. Regulation of the bank angle to maintain heading is a close-loop tracking task in which the pilot applies aileron control as a function of observed bank angle error. For large heading changes, the steady-state bank angle consistent with available or desired load factor is attained in an open-loop fashion; it is then regulated in a closed-loop fashion throughout the remainder of the turn. For the transient entry and exit from the turn, the pilot is not concerned with bank angle per se, but rather with attaining a mentally commanded bank angle with tolerable accuracy in a reasonable time, and with an easily learned and comfortable program of aileron movements.
Lateral-directional handling qualities and roll control power requirements for executive jet and military Class II Airplanes in the landing approach flight phase were investigated in the variable stability T-33 airplane. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of crosswinds and turbulence. Simulated IFR ILS approaches and VFR offset and crosswind approaches were made. Specifically, two Dutch roll frequencies, three Dutch roll damping ratios, three roll-to-sideslip ratios and three roll mode time constants were investigated. It was found that lateral-directional dynamics do not establish a limiting crosswind value; however, they do determine the ease or difficulty with which a crosswind approach can be accomplished. Roll control power requirements were determined from actual control usage data obtained throughout the evaluation program. In addition, a number of configurations were reevaluated with limited roll control power to determine minimum acceptable levels. Available roll control power can establish a limiting crosswind component. A number of configurations were evaluated with a stick controller in place of the normally used wheel controller to determine if the type of controller affected the lateral-directional dynamics for acceptable handling qualities. No difference was found to exist. A detailed comparison with MIL-F-8785B(ASG) requirements is included and generally shows the present requirements to be too conservative in the landing approach flight phase. (Author).
Lateral-directional handling qualities and roll control power requirements for the executive jet class of airplanes in the landing approach flight phase were investigated in the USAF/CAL variable stability T-33 airplane. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of crosswinds and turbulence. Simulated IFR ILS approaches and VFR offset and crosswind approaches were made. Specifically, two Dutch roll frequencies, three Dutch roll damping ratios, three roll-to-sideslip ratios and three roll mode time constants were investigated. It was found tht for the range of parameters investigated, lateral-directional dynamics do not establish a limiting crosswind value; however, they do determine the ease or difficulty with which a crosswind approach can be accomplished. Roll control power requirements were determined from actual control usage data obtained throughout the evaluation program and were found to be a function of the lateral-directional dynamics. Minimum acceptable levels of roll control power were determined by re-evaluating a number of configurations with limited roll control power. It was found that available roll control power can establish a limiting crosswind component.
The effect of intercepting wing tip vortices generated by large jet transports, including jumbo jets, over separation distances from 1 nautical mile to 15 nautical miles is evaluated on the basis of the response of a vortex probe airplane in the roil mode. The vortex probe test aircraft included a representative general aviation airplane, an executive jet, a fighter, and light and medium weight jet transports. The test conditions and airplane configurations were comparable to those normally used during takeoff, landing, or holding pattern operations. For flight safety the tests were performed at altitudes from 9500 feet to 12,500 feet. In addition to an evaluation of the probe airplane response, a flight test technique is suggested for determining minimum separation distance, using as variable the ratio of vortex-induced roll acceleration to maximum lateral control acceleration and the gross weight of the generating aircraft.
Flight tests and analytical studies have been made to review the question of roll requirements for fighter airplanes where primary emphasis is placed on the requirements for pursuit tracking by an attacking airplane and evasive action by a target airplane.