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In the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, industrialized countries agreed on binding absolute targets for greenhouse gas emissions and on the admission of flexible market-economy instruments - such as emissions trading, joint implementation and the clean development mechanism - used for reaching the targets. The contributions in this volume reveal that flexible instruments can lower the costs of climate protection considerably - not only in theory, but also in practice. Concerning implementation, it will be necessary to take care of possible loopholes, uncertainties and transaction costs which may be too high if no proper design is chosen.
With a rigorous and comprehensive coverage, the second edition of Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges provides practical answers to the design and analysis of devices that incorporate flexible hinges. Complex-shaped flexible-hinge mechanisms are generated from basic elastic segments by means of a bottom-up compliance (flexibility) approach. The same compliance method and the classical finite element analysis are utilized to study the quasi-static and dynamic performances of these compliant mechanisms. This book offers easy-to-use mathematical tools to investigate a wealth of flexible-hinge configurations and two- or three-dimensional compliant mechanism applications. FEATURES Introduces a bottom-up compliance-based approach to characterize the flexibility of new and existing flexible hinges of straight- and curvilinear-axis configurations Develops a consistent linear lumped-parameter compliance model to thoroughly describe the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of planar/spatial, serial/parallel flexible-hinge mechanisms Utilizes the finite element method to analyze the quasi-statics and dynamics of compliant mechanisms by means of straight- and curvilinear-axis flexible-hinge elements Covers miscellaneous topics such as stress concentration, yielding and related maximum load, precision of rotation of straight- and circular-axis flexible hinges, temperature effects on compliances, layered flexible hinges and piezoelectric actuation/sensing Offers multiple solved examples of flexible hinges and flexible-hinge mechanisms. This book should serve as a reference to students, researchers, academics and anyone interested to investigate precision flexible-hinge mechanisms by linear model-based methods in various areas of mechanical, aerospace or biomedical engineering, as well as in robotics and micro-/nanosystems.
"Compliant Mechanisms" beschreibt eine besonders exakte, flexible und zuverlässige Entwurfsmethode im Maschinenbau, vorgestellt von einem international anerkannten Experten. Einem allgemeinen Überblick folgt die Erläuterung fortgeschrittener, moderner, zum Teil hochspezialisierter Anwendungen.
A concise survey of compliant mechanisms-from fundamentals to state-of-the-art applications This volume presents the newest and most effective methods for the analysis and design of compliant mechanisms. It provides a detailed review of compliant mechanisms and includes a wealth of useful design examples for engineers, students, and researchers. Concise chapters guide the reader from simple to more challenging concepts-using examples of increasing complexity-eventually leading to real-world applications for specific types of devices. The author focuses on compliant mechanisms that can be designed using both standard linear beam equations and more advanced pseudo-rigid-body models. He describes a number of special-purpose compliant mechanisms that have use across a wide range of applications and discusses compliant mechanisms in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with several accompanying MEMS examples. Coverage of essential topics in strength of materials, machine design, and kinematics is provided to allow for a self-contained book that requires little additional reference to solve compliant mechanism problems. This information can be used as a refresher on the basics or as resource material for readers from other disciplines currently working in MEMS. Compliant Mechanisms serves as both an introductory text for students and an up-to-date resource for practitioners and researchers. It provides comprehensive, expert coverage of this growing field.
"This research is focused on studying the dynamic behavior of a four-bar mechanism with clearance. The presence of clearance in a revolute joint induces impacts between the journal and the sleeve. Therefore, it causes vibration, noise and decreases the efficiency of the mechanism. Two different methods are proposed to eliminate the undesirable effects of clearance in the joint through simulations and experiments. The first method, that is used to eliminate these impacts, relies on attaching a spring to a rigid four-bar mechanism. The impacts are predicted by monitoring the moment of the reaction force in the joint with clearance using MATLAB software simulations. It is shown that the impacts could be easily eliminated using adequate and optimized spring parameters. The optimization of the spring parameters is performed to keep the positive effects of adding the spring (eliminating the impacts) and to minimize its negative effects (high maximum input torque and its high fluctuations). The second method aims at studying the dynamic behavior of the mechanism with a flexible coupler link. The dynamic analysis of the flexible mechanism is investigated using two different materials of the coupler link (aluminum and steel) with two different thickness values for each material (3 and 4 mm for aluminum and 1.5 and 2 mm for the steel). The rigid mechanism is considered in this case with a coupler link made of steel with 5 mm thickness to highlight the difference between flexible and rigid mechanisms. The deformation of the flexible coupler links (using ideal joints) is investigated by measuring the strain values at three different speeds (277, 415 and 554 rpm). The obtained results show that the strain values are significantly affected by the crank speed and the thickness of the links. Experimental tests are performed to measure the accelerations for the follower of the four-bar mechanism using rigid and flexible coupler links. These measurements are done for the case of ideal joint (no clearance) and realistic joint with a clearance of 0.5 mm and 1 mm sizes at the three mentioned speeds for each case. The experimental results are validated through simulation tests using ADAMS software. These results confirm that the flexibility of the coupler has thus a role of a suspension for the mechanism."--Abstract.
This book addresses the design of compliant mechanisms, presenting readers with a good understanding of both the solid mechanics of flexible elements and their configuration design, based on a mechanism-equivalent approach in the framework of screw theory. The book begins with the theoretical background of screw theory, and systematically addresses both the compliance characteristics of flexible elements and their configuration design. The book then covers a broad range of compliant parallel mechanism design topics, from stiffness to constraint decomposition, from conceptual design to dimensional design, and from analysis to synthesis, as well as the large deformation problem; this is followed by both simulations and physical experiments, offering readers a solid foundation and useful tools. Given its scope and the results it presents, the book will certainly benefit and inform future research on the topic. It offers a valuable asset for researchers, developers, engineers and graduate students with an interest in compliant mechanisms, robotics and screw theory.