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A comprehensive biography of the most powerful naval officer in the history of the United States who was the controversial architect of the American victory in the Pacific. Someone once asked Admiral Ernest J. King if it was he who said, ""When they get in trouble they send for the sonsabitches."" He replied that he was not -—but that he would have said it if he had thought of it. Although never accused of having a warm personality, Ernest J. King commanded the respect of everyone familiar with his work. His is one of the great American naval careers, his place in history forever secured by a remarkable contribution to the Allied victory in the Second World War. ""Lord how I need him,"" wrote Navy Secretary Frank Knox on December 23, 1941, the day he summoned King to take control of the Navy at its lowest point, the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. Raised in a stern Calvinist home in Lorain, Ohio, Ernest King grew interested in a naval career after reading an article in a boys' magazine. After graduating from Annapolis fourth in his class (1901), King's early career was ""rather ordinary"" according to biographer Robert W. Love. But in 1909, at the end of a stint as a drillmaster at the Naval Academy, King distinguished himself by writing an influential essay entitled, ""Organization on Board Ship."" King performed well in a number of commands between 1914 and 1923, when he began a three-year stint as commander of the submarine base at New London, Connecticut. In 1926 his career took an important turn: he completed the shortened flight course at Pensacola, and from that point on, he would see aviation as the decisive element in naval warfare. This conviction deepened when he served as assistant bureau chief under Rear Admiral William Moffett, widely considered the father of American naval aviation. King's career received another boost when he ably commanded his first aircraft carrier, the Lexington, in the early 1930s. But as his prospects for advancement increased, so did his reputation as a difficult character. "He was meaner than hell," commented one junior officer, reflecting the general opinion that King was as much despised as he was respected. This didn't seem to bother him, though. Love observed that he "seemed almost to pride himself on the fact that he had earned his rank solely on his merits as a professional naval officer, rather than as a result of the friendship of others." In the spring of 1939, the sixty-year-old King coveted the job of Chief of Naval Operations. But his personality and decided lack of political skill or tact led President Roosevelt to pass him over in favor of Admiral Harold Stark. Seemingly banished to duty on the General Board in Washington, King's career was resurrected by the war that soon started in Europe. When Stark grew dissatisfied with the commander of his Atlantic Squadron, he looked to King, who took over in December, 1940. With his slogan ""do all that we can with what we have,"" King ably managed the undeclared war with Germany's U-boats. Although his command was limited to the Atlantic, it brought him to Washington frequently and he stayed abreast of developments in the Pacific. The morning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stark called him to Washington; soon after he was running the Navy -—first as Commander in Chief of the U.S. Fleet, soon adding the title Chief of Naval Operations, making him the first man to combine both jobs. In the early months of 1942, King's strategic brilliance earned him the complete confidence of President Roosevelt. When none of the British or American war planners even dared to think of going on the offensive in the Pacific in 1942-43, King successfully lobbied to do just that. "No fighter ever won his fight by covering up -—merely fending off the other fellow's blows," he wrote. "The winner hits and keeps on hitting even though he has to be able to take some stiff blows in order to keep on hitting." It's easy to see why even those who despised Ernest King were glad he was on their side.
From the author of the acclaimed biography of Harry Hopkins comes this first full-scale portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt's top military advisor, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy. The president's personal chief of staff and chairman of the newly established Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Leahy was the highest-ranking military officer in the nation and one of the most powerful men in Washington during the war years. Along with Hopkins he enjoyed Roosevelt's complete trust. But unlike his better-known White House counterpart and the prominent military leaders of the day, Leahy quietly performed his valuable services behind the scenes. Consequently, he never received the fame of his more dynamic colleagues and soon after retirement faded into history. Henry H. Adams takes this forgotten figure out of the shadows and places him beside the president he so brilliantly and devotedly served. He shows how Leahy, as FDR's confidant, his contributions to the war effort were so valuable that Adams credits Leahy, along with Hopkins, as being chiefly responsible for the smooth transfer of power to Truman upon Roosevelt's death. This biography is equally revealing of Leahy's earlier years of service to the government as chief of naval starting the buildup of what would become a powerful two-ocean navy. It describes his brief but important tenure as governor of Puerto Rico and his later service as ambassador to Vichy France. Witness to Power ensures that Leahy, because of the central role he played during one of America's most important eras, will assume his rightful place on the historical stage.
“For forty years Ernest King prepared himself for the supreme test. From 1901 to 1941 he moved through the grades from ensign to admiral; he saw service in battleships, destroyers, submarines, supply ships, and aircraft carriers, in Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean; he served in engineering, on the staff of the commander of the Atlantic fleet in World War I, on the General Board, in the Bureau of Navigation and as chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics; he taught at the Naval Academy and studied at the Naval War College where he worked on problems of Pacific strategy; and he commanded important units of the fleet. When the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor, King was supervising convoy operations to Europe as commander of the Atlantic fleet. Within two weeks he was made Cominch, United States fleet, and three months later replaced Admiral Stark as chief of Naval Operations. No man in the United States navy was better equipped by training and experience to direct the global responsibilities of the navy in World War II; no man could have performed the job with greater success... The volume is a notable contribution to the history of the war... The amount of information on every aspect of the war — plans, operations, and logistics — is overwhelming. The European and Pacific phases are neatly interwoven. There are penetrating observations on leading personalities (of both world wars).” — The Mississippi Valley Historical Review “[A]n extremely important book... Fleet Admiral King is an important book because it enables us to appreciate the greatness of King. We get some idea of his logical mind, exceptional intellect, integrity, capacity for work, and wide range of professional knowledge. Without doubt this devoted public servant was the right man in the right place when the nation faced the greatest crisis in its history.” — Pacific Historical Review “The memoirs of Fleet Adm. Ernest J. King... have been eagerly awaited for many years. The Admiral was counted on to furnish a bluntly outspoken record of his stewardship, and in this respect his book comes up to expectations... they reward careful reading as the record of one of the most effective and successful war leaders in the history of our country. This book will undoubtedly take its place among the classic military documents in the war annals of the United States.” — Ordnance “Admiral King’s memoirs have been worth waiting for. As it stands, this book is one of the most useful contributions to American naval history.” — The American Historical Review “[An] important book... the best and most comprehensive discussion of the inner workings of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff that has appeared... Fleet Admiral King is really two books in one: a skilfully drawn biographical study of the individual and, as a frank personal report of the highest United States naval commander in the war, a significant contribution to the history of World War II.” — The New England Quarterly “[A] valuable book.” — The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science “[T]his record of Fleet Admiral King’s naval career is essentially autobiographical. The latter half of the... narrative deals with the Second World War and is naturally of the greatest interest. It authoritatively presents the Navy’s position on a number of strategic controversies, and adds to our factual knowledge of certain key events, such as the Casablanca, Yalta, Quebec and Potsdam conferences.” — Foreign Affairs “The outstanding naval biography of the year, as well as the outstanding book.” — US Naval Institute Proceedings
How history's only five-star admirals triumphed in World War II and made the United States the world's dominant sea power. Only four men in American history have been promoted to the five-star rank of Admiral of the Fleet: William Leahy, Ernest King, Chester Nimitz, and William Halsey. These four men were the best and the brightest the navy produced, and together they led the U.S. navy to victory in World War II, establishing the United States as the world's greatest fleet. In The Admirals, award-winning historian Walter R. Borneman tells their story in full detail for the first time. Drawing upon journals, ship logs, and other primary sources, he brings an incredible historical moment to life, showing us how the four admirals revolutionized naval warfare forever with submarines and aircraft carriers, and how these men -- who were both friends and rivals -- worked together to ensure that the Axis fleets lay destroyed on the ocean floor at the end of World War II.
William Halsey was the most famous naval officer of World War II. His fearlessness in carrier raids against Japan, his steely resolve at Guadalcanal, and his impulsive blunder at the Battle of Leyte Gulf made him the “Patton of the Pacific” and solidified his reputation as a decisive, aggressive fighter prone to impetuous errors of judgment in the heat of battle. In this definitive biography, Thomas Hughes punctures the popular caricature of the “fighting admiral” to reveal the truth of Halsey’s personal and professional life as it was lived in times of war and peace. Halsey, the son of a Navy officer whose alcoholism scuttled a promising career, committed himself wholeheartedly to naval life at an early age. An audacious and inspiring commander to his men, he met the operational challenges of the battle at sea against Japan with dramatically effective carrier strikes early in the war. Yet his greatest contribution to the Allied victory was as commander of the combined sea, air, and land forces in the South Pacific during the long slog up the Solomon Islands chain, one of the war’s most daunting battlegrounds. Halsey turned a bruising slugfest with the Japanese navy into a rout. Skillfully mediating the constant strategy disputes between the Army and the Navy—as well as the clashes of ego between General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz—Halsey was the linchpin of America’s Pacific war effort when its outcome was far from certain.
Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergei G. Gorshkov was the product of a tradition unlike those of his Western contemporaries. He had a unique background of revolution, civil war, world wars, and the forceful implementation of an all-controlling communist dictatorship. Out of this background of violence and overwhelming transformation came a man with a vivid appreciation of the role and value of navies, but with his own unique ideas about the kind of navy that the Soviet Union required and the role that navy should play in Soviet military and national strategy. Western naval observers have persisted in attempting to define Admiral Gorshkov in Western naval terms. Many of these observers have been baffled when they found that the man and his actions simply did not fit conventional narratives. This book lays out the tradition, background, experiences, and thinking of the man as they relate to the development of the Soviet Navy that Gorshkov commanded for almost three decades and that was able to directly challenge the maritime dominance of the United States—a traditional sea power. His influence persists to this day, as the Russian Navy that is at sea in the twenty-first century is, to a significant degree, based on the fleet that Admiral Gorshkov built.
Fighting the Fleet recognizes that fleets conduct four distinct but interlocking tasks at the operational level of war--striking, screening, scouting, and basing--and that successful operational art is achieved when they are brought to bear in a cohesive, competitive scheme. In explaining these elements and how they are conjoined for advantage, a central theme emerges: despite the utility and importance of jointness among the armed forces, the effective employment of naval power requires a specialized language and understanding of naval concepts that is often diluted or completely lost when too much jointness is introduced. Woven into the fabric of the book are the fundamental principles of three of the most important naval theorists of the twentieth century: Rear Admiral Bradley Fiske, Rear Admiral J.C. Wylie, and Captain Wayne Hughes. While Cares and Cowden advocate the reinvigoration of combat theory and the appropriate use of operations research, they avoid over-theorizing and have produced a practical guide that empowers fleet planners to wield naval power appropriately and effectively in meeting today's operational and tactical challenges.
The revisionist work about Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, who won his battles at sea but lost the war of public opinion. A surface warrior, Fletcher led the carrier forces in the Pacific that won against all odds at Coral Sea, Midway, and the Eastern Solomon’s. Despite these successes, during the post-war Fletcher had become one of the most controversial figures in U.S. naval history and was portrayed as a timid bungler who failed to relieve Wake Island and who deliberately abandoned the Marines at Guadalcanal.