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This study is part of the work done in connection with therestoration of the old fishing establishment at Grand-Grave, which is now in Forillon National Park. Its contents should helpin the historical interpretation of the social and economic lifeof merchants and fishermen who lived in Forillon. The archivesof William Hyman and Sons (1845-1967) formed most of thedocumentary basis for the work. The guiding principle for thework was economic anthropology, and its purpose to show how Gaspesociety was shaped by the manner in which the production of driedcod was organized. Gaspe was settled and populated through asystematic expoloitation of cod, so that a study of this processconstitutes a most valuable means of access to its history.
During the North American colonial period, the expansion of European capital and labour into North America created two broad patterns of regional development: agricultural settlement and the exploitation of raw materials or staples. Hornsby examines the development of nineteenth-century Cape Breton in light of these patterns, focusing on the impact of Scottish immigration on the island's settlement and agricultural development, and on the role of mercantile and industrial capital in developing Cape Breton's two great staple industries, cod fishing and coal mining. Hornsby also outlines the reasons for the massive exodus from Cape Breton during the late nineteenth century. The intersection of these two patterns of development gave rise to a distinctive regional geography. Over the course of a hundred years, a complex mosaic of different settlements, economies, and cultures emerged on the island. While the details and circumstances of these developments were unique to the island, elements of the Cape Breton experience were found in other areas of Maritime Canada. Viewed more generally, Hornsby suggests that the historical geography of this small, peripheral island offers a simple, somewhat stark encapsulation of some of the salient developments in the rest of settled Canada during the nineteenth century.
Pierre-Étienne Fortin led a life and plied a career at the heart of Canada's early history. He was an adventurer, an amateur scientist, an early (if ambiguous) conservationist and a Conservative politician from 1867 to 1888. He was a doctor on Grosse-Île amid the horrors of the 1847 typhus epidemic, led a mounted police troop during the infamous Montreal riots of 1849 and, as commander of the armed schooner La Canadienne, policed the Gulf of St. Lawrence from 1852 to 1867, when thousands of New Englanders and Nova Scotians swarmed over the fishing grounds. His official life as magistrate and mid-level bureaucrat often exemplified tensions of early nationhood: those between elites and colonists; and those arising from the nationalistic impulse to impose law and order on the wilderness. The interests, issues and sympathies at work on Fortin in the founding period remain compelling today: job creation versus environmental protection, free trade with the U.S., the exploitation of Canadian fisheries, relations with aboriginal peoples, and the political status of Quebec within confederation.
In 1766 Gaspé became an outpost of the Jersey metropole; in 1886 the Channel island of Jersey abandoned the region, reducing Gaspé, on Quebec's Atlantic coast, to Canadian outport status. From Outpost to Outport provides a structural and theoretical examination of the economic relationship between Jersey and Gaspé, explaining the development of codfish as a staple which, under merchant capital, secured success for Jersey at the expense of underdevelopment in Gaspé.
Daniel Vickers examines the shifting labor strategies used by colonists as New England evolved from a string of frontier settlements to a mature society on the brink of industrialization. Lacking a means to purchase slaves or hire help, seventeenth-century settlers adapted the labor systems of Europe to cope with the shortages of capital and workers they encountered on the edge of the wilderness. As their world developed, changes in labor arrangements paved the way for the economic transformations of the nineteenth century. By reconstructing the work experiences of thousands of farmers and fishermen in eastern Massachusetts, Vickers identifies who worked for whom and under what terms. Seventeenth-century farmers, for example, maintained patriarchal control over their sons largely to assure themselves of a labor force. The first generation of fish merchants relied on a system of clientage that bound poor fishermen to deliver their hauls in exchange for goods. Toward the end of the colonial period, land scarcity forced farmers and fishermen to search for ways to support themselves through wage employment and home manufacture. Out of these adjustments, says Vickers, emerged a labor market sufficient for industrialization.
The collapse of the North Atlantic cod fishery in 1992 was one of the world's worst ecological disasters, and in 1995 Spanish and Canadian trawlers faced off over the dwindling supply of turbot. Where there used to be plenty, there is now virtually nothing; fishing communities that once survived (or even prospered) now face ruin.The twenty essays in How Deep is the Ocean? take a detailed look at the evolution of the Canadian east coast fishery. The book begins with aboriginal fishers before European contact; then it follows the European fishery through the days of sail, when boats could scarcely make headway through the teeming cod, to the diesel age, when electronic aids can find almost no cod. How Deep is the Ocean? covers the sociology of early fishing communities, the impact and significance of the credit system, and the techniques and technologies of aboriginal, European, and Canadian fisheries. The essays on the twentieth century include old-time fishing patterns of living memory and the changed state of the North Atlantic's ecology.
"In these two volumes, which replace the Reader's Guide to Canadian History, experts provide a select and critical guide to historical writing about pre- and post-Confederation Canada, with an emphasis on the most recent scholarship" -- Cover.
Over the centuries, processing and distribution of products from land and sea has stimulated the growth of a global economy. In the broad sweep of world history, it may be hard to imagine a place for the meager little herring baitfish. Yet, as Brian Payne adeptly recounts, the baitfish trade was hotly contested in the Anglo-American world throughout the nineteenth century. Politicians called for wars, navies were dispatched with guns at the ready, vessels were seized at sea, and violence erupted at sea. Yet, the battle over baitfish was not simply a diplomatic or political affair. Fishermen from hundreds of villages along the coastline of Atlantic Canada and New England played essential roles in the construction of legal authority that granted or denied access to these profitable bait fisheries. Fishing a Borderless Sea illustrates how everyday laborers created a complex system of environmental stewardship that enabled them to control the local resources while also allowing them access into the larger global economy.