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This report contains the findings of two missions. One visited Uruguay and Argentina, and the other covered Chile, Ecuador and Peru. The report on Uruguay and Argentina starts with a brief overview of the fishing industry and the scope of fisheries and aquaculture research. Subsequent sections describe the organization of research paying special attention to issues such as funding and prioritization. Further, the impact of research on the fishing and aquaculture industries of Uruguay and Argentina are assessed. General conclusions as well as recommendations are also presented. The studies of Chile, Ecuador, and Peru start with a brief overview of the state of fisheries and aquaculture in the area. This is followed by an analysis of research capabilities in these three countries. Opportunities for enhancing the contributions of research to the economic and social progress of the sector are examined. Conclusions of the mission are also presented.
This report contains the results of two missions. One mission deals with the state of fisheries and aquaculture research as well as research needs in four countries in southeastern Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. Following an analysis of relevant criteria for evaluating fisheries and aquaculture research, an account is given of the factors affecting the effectiveness of research in the four countries covered by the mission and also more generally in sub Saharan Africa. A discussion of how such constraints could be addressed forms the subject matter of the next section. The report then provides an example of a successful fishery research institution in Mozambique and analyzes the possible reasons for its success. The comprehensive annexes provide the mission's country specific findings. The second mission deals with fisheries and aquaculture research capabilities and its usefulness in northwest Africa: Mauritania, Morocco, and Senegal. The report begins with a description of the importance of northwest African fisheries for national economies. It then examines research needs and priorities taking into account past experiences and research objectives. Following this, the report deals with the ways and means of developing successful research. General conclusions on the status of fisheries and aquaculture research as well as priority areas for international aid are also presented.
In this volume, an international group of contributors explores the newly emerging aquaculture industry. Focusing on the social and environmental dimensions of aquacultural development in both industrialized and nonindustrialized nations, they examine issues of social equity, user-group conflict, environmental impacts of production, and the mediating role of the state. They also discuss aquaculture's role in development activity-especially in sustainable development, where it can enhance community viability, coherence, and solidarity. Asserting the need for careful planning and recognizing impending political and moral choices, the contributors assess the decisionmaking process for public authorities and development agencies and consider the social consequences of these decisions. Policymakers responsible for promoting and managing this growing industry will find this volume invaluable as they begin to research and design appropriate institutional structures. In addition, scholars interested in the overall adoption and diffusion of new technologies will find here a rich source of information about a system that shares attributes with but also differs significantly from agricultural and fisheries production systems.
In the past six years, the world's fishery sector has reached a turning point with global fish production reaching a plateau of approximately 100 million tons annually. While aquaculture output continued to grow, yields from capture fisheries were uneven and showed increasing signs of stagnation because of widespread overfishing and overcapitalization, ineffective management, deteriorating resource health, declining or flat global harvests, and inefficient economic and trade policies. This paper examines the role of subsidies in fisheries.
World Bank Technical Paper No. 139. Also available: Volume 2 (ISBN 0-8213-1844-6) Stock No. 11844; Volume 3 (ISBN 0-8213-1845-4) Stock No. 11845. Provides state-of-the-art guidance and information on the procedural requirements and practical aspects of environmental assessment in various sector- and location-specific contexts. Three volumes also available in Arabic: Volume 1 (ISBN 0-8213-3523-5) Stock No. 13523; Volume 2 (ISBN 0-8213-3617-7) Stock No. 13617; Volume 3 (ISBN 0-8213-3618-5) Stock No. 13618.
Printed on Demand. Contact [email protected], if currently unavailable. World Bank Technical Paper 207. Development projects that encourage direct community participation ususally meet with greater success than those that do not. This guidebook describes ways of letting poor people help monitor and evaluate the water and sanitation programs that serve them. It provides simple shortcuts for building community participation and consensus. Decisionmakers will learn the different risks posed by this approach, such as viewing community participation as a panacea. The study describes ways to set reasonable goals without discouraging unexpected progress. It provides a handy framework of key indicators that can be used to monitor progress. These indicators gauge a project's cost, sustainability, and effectiveness. They rate a community's abiltiy to expand services and handle more operating responsibilities. Also available in French: (ISBN 0-8213-2782-8) Stock No. 12782.
This paper is addressed to a broad audience of development professionals who are interested in both the substance of decentralisation issues and their impact on economic development. The paper summarises experience with alternative decentralisation arrangements and suggests a new analytical framework for assessing the impact of such arrangements on the performance of economic development programmes and projects. Consideration of alternative forms of decentralisation reveals the need to clarify and establish priorities among economic and political objectives. The potential for conflict among multiple objectives and the need to assess decentralisation policies in terms of acceptable trade-offs among those objectives summarises the importance of this paper.
With external financial help and advice, Poland has made great strides toward sustainable growth. The country's currency is stable, its international creditworthiness has been restored, and its private sector now accounts for two-thirds of GDP. This review evaluates the overall relevance, efficacy, and efficiency of World Bank assistance to Poland and finds that the Bank's technical advice and intellectual support were pivotal in facilitating the work of Polish reformers. The book explores various stages in the evolution of the Bank's assistance to Poland: systemic and institutional transformation and social improvement; private sector and infrastructure development; implementation and supervision; and, results and recommendations. Boxes, figures, and tables illustrate the Bank's assistance strategy, including information on the distribution of Bank resources among Central Eastern and European countries, total Bank commitments to Poland by fiscal year, and a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of Bank assistance to Poland.
Argentina has reformed its public finance system and reversed years of economic decline and deficit spending. This study recommends policy options to speed the already impressive progress. These options would expand the ambitious reform program already under way. This study shows how to sustain balanced public finances over the medium term. It describes ways to sustain price stability and economic growth while providing a cushion against unexpected downturns. Also examined are ways to improve social services while reducing the size of government. Researchers discuss key reforms that could boost the fiscal surplus by as much as 1.4 percent of gross domestic product. They look at ways to build tax revenues, reduce provincial finances, and make social security more equitable. They review methods to cut defense spending and revive a moribund education system. Additional policy options offered are reforms for housing and welfare programs and pension fund investments. The study suggests ways to improve the legal framework for a stronger central bank. Also reviewed are ways to eliminate unnecessary administrative agencies and to privatize public enterprises. The government's new health insurance program is examined. This program offers universal coverage. It lets contributors choose providers and includes subsidies for those who can't pay. It also requires a minimum package of health care at a set price.
Loss of biological diversity through the extinction of species, the conversion and degradation of natural habitats, and the disruption of ecological processes, is occurring throughout the world at an unprecendented rate. As species and their habitats disappear, so do products of present and future value, genes with which to improve crop varieties and livestock, and the natural resiliencies of the world's living resources to respond to climatic and enviornmental change. Nowhere else is the loss of biodiversity expected to be higher during the coming decades than in the Asia-Pacific region. The loss of biodiversity is irreversible. Recognizing this, the Asia Environment Division prepared this paper which is intended to identify priority areas of investment in the Asia-Pacific region. The paper accepts the importance of biodiversity conservation and suggests that policy change coupled with the establishment of protected area systems will be critical to success. A wide range of interventions will be needed to support these efforts toward conserving biodiversity - interventions involving national and local governments, national and international nongovernmental organizations and, most importantly, local people. The strategy defined in this paper is intended to complement existing national and international initiatives and to build partnerships in conservation for the 1990s.