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Computational chemistry calculations can be used to elucidate how organic molecules orientate at interfaces and respond to an external stimuli, but this capability is not widely leveraged in the design of soft material interfaces. One promising platform to study these interactions is chemoresponsive liquid crystals (LCs). LCs are fluid phases within which molecules exhibit preferred orientations in the bulk. The orientations of LCs can be manipulated by molecular interactions occurring at interfaces. Therefore, LCs are capable of providing insight into molecular events at solid-liquid crystal interfaces by amplifying changes at the surface into the macroscopic-scale, which can be transduced optically. These chemoresponsive LCs can also act as gas sensors because a desired analyte can bind or react at an interface to disrupt the LC ordering causing an optical transition. This also provides a unique opportunity to study how interfacial properties can change depending on reaction thermochemistry and kinetics.In this dissertation, we utilize first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, transport modeling, microkinetic modeling, and reaction kinetic experiments to elucidate detailed atomic-scale surface structures and reactivity of LC chemoresponsive materials to design new materials with optimal properties such as high sensitivity and selectivity to a desired analyte. This methodology was used to successfully design LC chemoresponsive materials to new analytes (SO2, Cl2, O3, or H2). While these LC chemoresponsive materials typically operate based on disruption of the LC ordering via displacement of the strongly bound LC molecules by the analyte, we also discuss new mechanisms. This includes developing new chemoresponsive LC systems with reactive surfaces (metals, alloys, and metal oxides) and developing of detection mechanisms that either operate on simple elementary reactions (e.g. Cl2 or H2 dissociation), oxidation of the surface (e.g. O3 or Cl2 oxidation of metal salt surfaces), reaction between two analytes at the surface (e.g. SO2 + H2O reaction), or even a more complex reaction (e.g. hydrogenation of the benzonitrile group). Our insights from this study demonstrate a fundamental convergence between principles governing functional interfaces with those governing heterogeneous catalysis.
This text is a primer for liquid crystals, polymers, rubber and elasticity. It is directed at physicists, chemists, material scientists, engineers and applied mathematicians at the graduate student level and beyond.
Liquid Crystal Sensors discusses novel applications of liquid crystals that lie beyond electrically driven optical switches and displays. The main focus is on recent progress in the area of sensors based on low molar mass and polymer liquid crystals. This area of research became "hot" in recent years since the possibilities for applications of liquid crystal sensors are growing in many areas, ranging from the detection of mechanical displacements to the detection of environmental pollutants and chemical agents. This book is well-suited for students, as well as scientists from different backgrounds. For students and researchers new to the field, it gives a thorough introduction. For experienced researchers it shows the latest breakthroughs and serves as an inspiration for solving problems or sparking new ideas. Key Features: Emphasizes how liquid crystals are extremely sensitive to external stimuli and therefore can be used for the construction of stimuli-responsive devices, such as sensors Includes the contributions of editors who are deeply involved in the field and author chapters on hot topics such as the sensitivity of liquid crystals to pollutants, UV light, and strain Provides an exclusive on LC sensors where having the data in one place will be very useful to the community Gives more information on sensors and broadens the scope by having a contributed volume rather than authored Combines recent data on advances in the area of liquid crystal sensors that includes many types of liquid crystal materials
This book gives an overview of the research field of artificial cilia, a novel technology for controlling and sensing fluid flow at microscopic scales. This field is inspired by nature, namely by naturally occurring cilia which are tiny hairs covering biological cells and that are used already for over a billion years by nature to generate and sense fluid flow. The research field started less than a decade ago and has grown fast in recent years, since it offers very interesting options for flow control in lab-on-a-chip devices.
This handbook is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of the physics of liquid crystals. In over 500 pages it provides detailed information on the physical properties of liquid crystals as well as the recent theories and results on phase transitions, defects and textures of different types of liquid crystals. An in-depth understanding of the physical fundamentals is a prerequisite for everyone working in the field of liquid crystal research. With this book the experts as well as graduate students entering the field get all the information they need.
The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 19: Applications of Phthalocyanines provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the basic photobiology of phthalocyanines, their structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action in a variety of biological systems, and their potential applications for various medical purposes. This text then examines the type of organization of the molecules in the solid state and the intensity of the intermolecular interactions. Other chapters consider the applications of phthalocyanines as decorative and functional materials, with emphasis on properties and structures of phthalocyanines with industrial relevance. This book discusses as well the enzyme-like catalytic functions of metal complexes derivatives and their practical applications as odor-removing systems and bacterial systems based on their effective catalytic activities. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.
As demand has increased for new types of equipment that are more suited to the ever-evolving world of industry, demand for both new and traditional types of actuators has soared. From automotive and aeronautical to biomedical and robotics, engineers are constantly developing actuating devices that are adapted to their particular needs in their particular field, and actuators are used in almost every field of engineering that there is. This volume not only lays out the fundamentals of actuators, such as how they operate, the different kinds, and their various applications, but it also informs the engineer or student about the new actuators that are being developed and the state-of-the-art of actuators. Edited and written by highly experienced and well-respected engineers with a deep understanding of their subject, there is no other volume on actuators that is more current or comprehensive. Whether as a guide for the latest innovations in actuators, a refresher reference work for the veteran engineer, or an introductory text for the engineering student, this is a must-have for any engineer's or university's library. Covering the theory and the practical applications, this breakthrough volume is a "one stop shop" for any engineer or student interested in actuators.
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline compounds consisting of rigid organic molecules held together and organized by metal ions or clusters. Special interests in these materials arise from the fact that many are highly porous and can be used for storage of small molecules, for example H2 or CO2. Consequently, the materials are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications including gas storage, separation technologies and catalysis. Potential applications include the storage of hydrogen for fuel-cell cars, and the removal and storage of carbon dioxide in sustainable technical processes. MOFs offer the inorganic chemist and materials scientist a wide range of new synthetic possibilities and open the doors to new and exciting basic research. Metal-Organic Frameworks Materials provides a solid basis for the understanding of MOFs and insights into new inorganic materials structures and properties. The volume also reflects progress that has been made in recent years, presenting a wide range of new applications including state-of-the art developments in the promising technology for alternative fuels. The comprehensive volume investigates structures, symmetry, supramolecular chemistry, surface engineering, recognition, properties, and reactions. The content from this book will be added online to the Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry: http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/eibc
From experts in engineering and biology, this is the first book to integrate sensor and actuator technology with bioinspired design.