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The attitude of the American government towards the Finnish problem, which appeared on the international stage after the outbreak of the First World War, was determined by factors going far beyond bilateral contacts. It was directly linked with American war-time and post-war policy towards Russia, Germany and the problem of supplying Europe with food. The Finnish proclamation of independence, the outbreak of the Finnish civil war and, later, the drawing of this country into the sphere of influence created by Berlin in Central Europe caused Finnish-American relations to stagnate and ultimately to be frozen for several months. The State Department considered whether Finland should be recognised as one of enemies of the United States, while the Finnish government, convinced that the future of Finland should be linked with German victory in the World War, showed no desire to activate political contacts between Helsinki and Washington. The reorientation of Finnish policy created by the military defeat of Germany, however, created conditions for the gradual stabilisation of Finnish-American economic and, later, political relations. Improvement in mutual contacts between both states was ultimately crowned by the initiative of American diplomacy which resulted in the recognition of Finland by the Big Five powers during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Ages of World Wars, grade: 2,0, Turun Yliopisto (University of Turku) (Faculty of Humanities/Baltic Sea Region Studies Program, University of Turku), course: The United States and Northern Europe - Diplomatic Relations since 1918, 5 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In the early years of Finnish independence from 1917 on, Finnish foreign policy was tied to two major problems. First, the White Finnish Government was seeking to obtain international recognition for the new state. Secondly, more urgent and immediate, it had to get access to foreign supplies of foodstuff since the quality of nourishing in Finland had become devastatingly low in the young republic. In this term paper I wish to attempt an explanation of Finland's policy during her early years of independence and put her diplomacy into its historical context and comparing her interests with that of the U.S.A. and Germany. In my opinion, these were the countries, besides Russia, that influenced Finland's policy the most during that period.
Excerpt from The Treaty of Peace Between Finland and the Russian Soviet Republic Between the Republic of Finland and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, taking into consideration that Finland in the year 1917 declared herself an independent State and that Russia has recognized the independence and sovereignty of Finland Within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Finland, and being desirous that the war which subse quently broke out between the two States should be ter minated and permanent peaceful relations created be tween them, and that the relations arising out of the earlier political union between Finland and Russia be definitely settled, have agreed to conclude a Treaty for this purpose, and have thereto empowered. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Finnish Civil War 1918 offers a rich account of the history and memory of the short conflict between socialist Reds and non-socialist Whites in the winter and spring of 1918. It also traces the legacy of the bloody war in Finnish society until today. The volume brings together established scholarship of political and social history with newer approaches stemming from the cultural history of war, memory studies, gender studies, history of emotions, psychohistory and oral history. The contributors provide readers with a solid discussion of the Civil War within its international and national frameworks. Among themes discussed are violence and terror, enemy images, Finnish irredentist campaigns in Soviet Karelia and the complex memory of the conflict. Besides a historical narrative, the volume discusses the current state of historiography of the Finnish Civil War. Contributors are Anders Ahlbäck, Pertti Haapala, Marianne Junila, Tiina Kinnunen, Tiina Lintunen, Aapo Roselius, Tauno Saarela, Juha Siltala, Tuomas Tepora and Marko Tikka.
A compendium of original essays and contemporary viewpoints on the 1917 Revolution The Russian revolution of 1917 reverberated throughout an empire that covered one-sixth of the world. It altered the geo-political landscape of not only Eurasia, but of the entire globe. The impact of this immense event is still felt in the present day. The historiography of the last two decades has challenged conceptions of the 1917 revolution as a monolithic entity— the causes and meanings of revolution are many, as is reflected in contemporary scholarship on the subject. A Companion to the Russian Revolution offers more than thirty original essays, written by a team of respected scholars and historians of 20th century Russian history. Presenting a wide range of contemporary perspectives, the Companion discusses topics including the dynamics of violence in war and revolution, Russian political parties, the transformation of the Orthodox church, Bolshevism, Liberalism, and more. Although primarily focused on 1917 itself, and the singular Revolutionary experience in that year, this book also explores time-periods such as the First Russian Revolution, early Soviet government, the Civil War period, and even into the 1920’s. Presents a wide range of original essays that discuss Brings together in-depth coverage of political history, party history, cultural history, and new social approaches Explores the long-range causes, influence on early Soviet culture, and global after-life of the Russian Revolution Offers broadly-conceived, contemporary views of the revolution largely based on the author’s original research Links Russian revolutions to Russian Civil Wars as concepts A Companion to the Russian Revolution is an important addition to modern scholarship on the subject, and a valuable resource for those interested in Russian, Late Imperial, or Soviet history as well as anyone interested in Revolution as a global phenomenon.
The first book-length analysis of how the Bolsheviks responded to antisemitism during the Russian Revolution.
By analysing the experience of Finland, Risto Alapuro shows how upheavals in powerful countries shape the internal politics of smaller countries. This linkage, a highly topical subject in the twenty-first century world, is concretely studied by putting the abortive Finnish revolution of 1917-18 into a long historical and a broad comparative perspective.