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Fine pitch high lead count integrated circuit packages represent a dramatic change from the conventional methods of assembling electronic components to a printed interconnect circuit board. To some, these FPTpackages appear to bean extension of the assembly technology called surface mount or SMT. Many of us who have spent a significant amount of time developing the process and design techniques for these fine pitchpackages haveconcluded that these techniquesgobeyondthose commonly useed for SMT. In 1987 the presentauthor, convincedofthe uniqueness ofthe assembly and design demands ofthese packages, chaired ajoint committee where the members agreed to use fine pitch technology (FPT) as the defining term for these demands. The committee was unique in several ways, one being that it was the first time three U. S. standards organizations, the IPC (Lincolnwood, IL), theEIA(Washington, D. C. ),and theASTM (Philadelphia),cametogether tocreate standards before a technology was in high demand. The term fine pitch technology and its acronym FPT have since become widely accepted in the electronics industry. The knowledge of the terms and demands of FPT currently exceed the usage of FPT packaged components, but this is changing rapidly because of the size, performance, and cost savings of FPT. I have resisted several past invitations to write other technical texts. However, I feel there are important advantages and significant difficulties to be encountered with FPT.
A foreword is usually prepared by someone who knows the author or who knows enough to provide additional insight on the purpose of the work. When asked to write this foreword, I had no problem with what I wanted to say about the work or the author. I did, however, wonder why people read a foreword. It is probably of value to know the background of the writer of a book; it is probably also of value to know the background of the individual who is commenting on the work. I consider myself a good friend of the author, and when I was asked to write a few words I felt honored to provide my view of Ray Prasad, his expertise, and the contribution that he has made to our industry. This book is about the industry, its technology, and its struggle to learn and compete in a global market bursting with new ideas to satisfy a voracious appetite for new and innovative electronic products. I had the good fortune to be there at the beginning (or almost) and have witnessed the growth and excitement in the opportunities and challenges afforded the electronic industries' engineering and manufacturing talents. In a few years my involve ment will span half a century.
Learn to generate high manufacturing yields, low testing costs, and reproducible designs using the latest components of surface mount technology (SMT)! Manufacturers, managers, engineers, students, and others who work with printed-circuit boards will find a wealth of cutting-edge information about SMT and fine pitch technology (FPT) in this new edition. Practical data and clear illustrations combine to clearly and accurately present the details of design-for-manufacturability, environmental compliance, design-for-test, and quality/reliability for today's miniaturized electronics packaging.
Surface mount technology (SMT) is a mature technology. SMT allows placement of more surface mount components (SMC) into smaller and tighter printed circuit board (PCB) areas. This increased density means increased performance and power in smaller packaging systems, and allows manufacturing of smaller and higher performance products at lower cost. The advance of integrated circuit (IC) technology and the requirements of high density for high-speed circuity is driving the design of SM C to higher pin count and smaller package size. In general, the higher pin count and smaller package size are accomplished by reducing the bond pad size and spacing (pitch) on the chip level and the lead/pin/solder dimensions and pitch on the chip carrier (module) level. The last few years have witnessed an explosive growth in the research and development efforts devoted to FPT as a direct result of the rapid growth of SMT and miniaturization. Some examples are: hand held lightweight video recorders that can take sharp pictures, hand held lightweight devices that can track the worldwide package movements, and portable computers with tiny yet powerful microprocessors and large memory capability that can fit into a briefcase or into the palm of your hand.
The explosive growth of high-density packaging has created a tremendous impact on the electronic assembly and manufacturing industry. Ball grid array (BGA), chip-scale package (CSP), and solder-bumped flip chip technologies are taking the lead in this advanced manufacturing process. Many major equipment makers and leading electronic companies are now gearing up for these emerging and advanced packaging technologies. For these technologies, solder is the electrical and mechanical "glue," and thus solder joint reliability is one of the most critical issues in the development of these technologies. This book is a one-stop guide to the state of the art of solder joint reliability problem-solving methods, or choose a creative, high-performance, robust, and cost-effective design and high-yield manufacturing process for their interconnect systems will be able to do so with this unique sourcebook. It meets the reference needs of design, material, process, equipment, manufacturing, quality control, product assurance, reliability, component, packaging, vendor, marketing, and system engineers, and technical managers working in electronic packaging and interconnection. This book is structured to provide readers with the necessary know-how for practical, on-the-job problem-solving guidance. The book covers the solder joint reliability of BGA, CSP, flip chip, and FPT assemblies completely, proceeding from the theoretical basics to applications. Specific areas covered include: Definition of reliability, life distribution, failure rate, mean time to failure, etc.; Some well-known life distributions; Accelerated testing; Parameter estimation of life distributions; Acceleration factors for solders;Solder mechanics: plasticity, creep, and constitutive equations; Design, material, and manufacturing processes of BGA, CSP, flip chip, and FTP; Failure analysis and root cause of failure for BGA, CSP, flip chip, and FPT solder joints; Design for reliability of BGA, CSP, flip chip and FPT solder joints; Solder joint reliability of CBGA, PBGA, DBGA, and TBGA assemblies under thermal fatigue, mechanical bending and twisting, and shock and vibration conditions; solder joint reliability of flip chip (e.g., high-temperature and eutectic solder bumped flip chips on ceramic and PCB) assemblies under thermal fatigue, mechanical pulling, shearing, bending and twisting, and shock and vibration conditions; Solder joint reliability of CSP (e.g., LG Semicon's, Mitsubishi's, Motorola's, Tessera's, NEC's, nitto Denko's and Toshiba's) assemblies under thermal fatigue and mechanical bending conditions; Solder joint reliability of PQFP and TSOP assemblies under thermal fatigue, mechanical bending and twisting, and vibration conditions.
This thoroughly revised and updated three volume set continues to be the standard reference in the field, providing the latest in microelectronics design methods, modeling tools, simulation techniques, and manufacturing procedures. Unlike reference books that focus only on a few aspects of microelectronics packaging, these outstanding volumes discuss state-of-the-art packages that meet the power, cooling, protection, and interconnection requirements of increasingly dense and fast microcircuitry. Providing an excellent balance of theory and practical applications, this dynamic compilation features step-by-step examples and vital technical data, simplifying each phase of package design and production. In addition, the volumes contain over 2000 references, 900 figures, and 250 tables. Part I: Technology Drivers covers the driving force of microelectronics packaging - electrical, thermal, and reliability. It introduces the technology developer to aspects of manufacturing that must be considered during product development. Part II: Semiconductor Packaging discusses the interconnection of the IC chip to the first level of packaging and all first level packages. Electrical test, sealing, and encapsulation technologies are also covered in detail. Part III: Subsystem Packaging explores board level packaging as well as connectors, cables, and optical packaging.
Focused on technological innovations in the field of electronics packaging and production, this book elucidates the changes in reflow soldering processes, its impact on defect mechanisms, and, accordingly, the troubleshooting techniques during these processes in a variety of board types. Geared toward electronics manufacturing process engineers, design engineers, as well as students in process engineering classes, Reflow Soldering Processes and Troubleshooting will be a strong contender in the continuing skill development market for manufacturing personnel. Written using a very practical, hands-on approach, Reflow Soldering Processes and Troubleshooting provides the means for engineers to increase their understanding of the principles of soldering, flux, and solder paste technology. The author facilitates learning about other essential topics, such as area array packages--including BGA, CSP, and FC designs, bumping technique, assembly, and rework process,--and provides an increased understanding of the reliability failure modes of soldered SMT components. With cost effectiveness foremost in mind, this book is designed to troubleshoot errors or problems before boards go into the manufacturing process, saving time and money on the front end. The author's vast expertise and knowledge ensure that coverage of topics is expertly researched, written, and organized to best meet the needs of manufacturing process engineers, students, practitioners, and anyone with a desire to learn more about reflow soldering processes. Comprehensive and indispensable, this book will prove a perfect training and reference tool that readers will find invaluable.Provides engineers the cutting-edge technology in a rapidly changing fieldOffers in-depth coverage of the principles of soldering, flux, solder paste technology, area array packages--including BGA, CSP, and FC designs, bumping technique, assembly, and the rework process
Surface Mount Technology has had a profound influence on the electronics industry, and has led to the use of new materials, techniques and manufacturing processes. Since the first edition of this book was written, electronic assemblies have continued to become still smaller and more complex, while soldering still remains the dominant connecting technique. This is a comprehensive guide to current methods of soldering components to their substrates, written by one of the founding fathers of the technology. It also covers component placement, the post-CFC technology of cleaning after soldering, and the principles and methods of quality control and rework. New sections deal with Ball-Grid-Array (BGA) technology, lead-free solders, no-clean fluxes, and the current standard specifications for solders and fluxes. Dr Rudolf Strauss has spent most of his working life with a leading manufacturer of solders and fluxes. He was responsible for a number of innovations including the concept of wave soldering, and for many years has been active as lecturer, consultant, and technical author. His book explains the principles of soldering and surface mount technology in practical terms and plain language, free from jargon. It is addressed to the man, or woman, who has to do the job, but it will also be of help in planning manufacturing strategy and in making purchasing decisions relating to consumables and equipment. - Written by founding father of SMT technology - Standard specifications have been fully updated - New chapter covering Ball Grid Array (BGA) technology
This is a state-of-the-art guide to SMT with fine pitch components intended for professionals in electronics manufacturing. The overriding objective is to equip manufacturing people in the electronics industry with a better understanding of the manufacturing processes involved.