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The 21st century has witnessed swift change in every sphere of the human endeavour. Regulatory re-alignment, digitalisation and economic and political developments have contributed to paradigm shift in banking, trade, finance and the shipping industry virtually transforming the landscape. International Trade Finance is an essential tool for bankers, exporters/importers, shippers, consultants, teachers and students navigating the procedures of international trade finance. The book addresses basic topics relating to international trade including letters of credit mechanism, collections of bills, trade customs and practice. New to this revised edition, it covers SWIFT updates, supply chain system, UKEF, Blockchain technologies, the implications of BREXIT, NAFTA, Mexico, Canada and other bilateral agreements and their implications, the US sanctions, terrorist financing and anti-money laundering provisions, and a check list to control financial crime risks in trade finance. The extended metaphor of the book is that of an arm chair tour covering fundamentals to the nuances of the hard core of the subject matter and enabling the readers to deal with complicated implementation issues in a forthright and comprehensive fashion.
This book explains various methods of payment in international trade and trade finance schemes for international trade. It also presents an overview of the concepts, purposes, features, and risks of international trade. A grasp of the features and risks of international trade facilitates a better understanding of the numerous methods of payment in international trade and the relevant trade finance schemes, which is essential to success in international trade transactions. In order to complete an international trade transaction, depending on the terms, both parties need access to funds. Compared with large companies, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), frequently face difficulties in raising capital or funds, but financing an international trade transaction is often the key to its successful completion. As such, selecting an appropriate financing mechanism from the various options available is vital. This book offers a systematic overview of international trade and payment together with trade finance, providing instructive examples and illustrations of trade documents, each method of payment, and trade finance including export credit insurance or guarantee.
"Current trends toward financial deregulation in the United States and massive increases in the need for trade-related credit and financing worldwide have created export-import markets of unprecedented depth and complexity."-from Global Trade Financing The definitive book in its field for more than twenty-five years, Global Trade Financing (formerly titled Export-Import Financing) provides global traders, U.S. and foreign bankers, and students of global commerce with a complete and in-depth guide to every aspect of global trade financ- ing. Inside, you'll find the latest techniques and vehicles for financing all types of export and import operations at every stage of the process. You'll also discover: * Strategies for transition to the Euro * Hedging techniques including high-yield derivatives * New areas of import-export risk * Recent regulations governing documentary credit * Current financing rules Written by experts in the field, this book begins with an overview of the most important organizations that make contributions to the financing of trade and related services. The authors trace past and present trends in world trade and investment flows while evaluating the impact that these have on financial institutions and vehicles. Detailed descriptions are also provided on the services of commercial banks as well as the key private nonbank institutions that may be of financial assistance to exporters and importers. In Part 2, the steps involved with executing a transaction are spelled out along with the rights and responsibilities of the various parties involved. The general types of sales contracts and their major provisions are discussed with helpful tips to prevent any misunderstanding and conflict between the parties. And to reduce the risk of financial loss, hedging techniques for foreign exchange and ocean marine insurance are thoroughly covered. Specific techniques and vehicles of unsecured and secured lending are introduced in Part 3. This section also shows how to use Eurocurrency to finance international trade and investment. And the authors explain how the various types of letters of credit can be used as financing tools. Clearly written and easy to use, Global Trade Financing contains all the information you'll need to keep pace with the ever-changing nature of international finance. Packed with invaluable information on how transactions are executed, the effects of recent legislation, and new financing techniques, Global Trade Financing (formerly titled Export-Import Financing) is certain to remain the key resource in the field. This book thoroughly covers every aspect of export-import financing including banking deregulation, international bank custody operations, bank involvement in insurance, and changes in the maritime industry. It also features a wide range of topics, from foreign trade definitions, bank guarantees, and risk management, to shipping and collection, and the latest legislation. Written and organized for maximum clarity and accessibility, this comprehensive volume includes: * The roles of commercial banks, private institutions, and governments in export-import financing, and how they interact * How transactions are executed, including the role of foreign exchange and techniques for hedging * The tools, techniques, and vehicles for financing all types of inter-national trade, from letters of credit to bankers' acceptances The definitive guide for keeping pace with the ever-changing nature of international finance
This title provides a comprehensive introduction to the key issues in trade and liberalization of services. Providing a useful overview of the players involved, the barriers to trade, and case studies in a number of service industries, this is ideal for policymakers and students interested in trade.
This paper provides a theory model of trade finance to explain the "great trade collapse." The model shows that, first, the riskiness of international transactions rises relative to domestic transactions during economic downturns, and second, the exclusive use of a letter of credit in international transactions exacerbates a collapse in trade during a financial crisis. The basic model considers banks' optimal screening decisions in the presence of counterparty default risks. In equilibrium, banks will maintain a higher precision screening test for domestic firms and a lower precision screening test for foreign firms, which constitutes the main mechanism of the model.
The ultimate nuts-and-bolts guide to foreign exchange operations The foreign exchange landscape is particularly risky since so much of the world is unregulated and takes place over the counter (off exchange). Brilliant traders and money managers who are profitable may find themselves underperforming, or worse, losing, simply because they failed to establish strong operations. In this book, David DeRosa provides industry players with everything they need for strong operational functions from all the types of trades to execution, master trading agreements, documentation, settlement, margin and collateral, and prime brokerage services. Contains vital work flow solutions for trading in the volatile foreign exchange marketplace Offers information for mastering the operational aspect of foreign exchange trading to help determine best partners such as prime brokers and others Written by David DeRosa a leading foreign exchange expert who has consulted to hundreds of financial institutions Foreign Exchange Operations helps traders mitigate risks and offers a guide to all aspects of trading operations from mastering trading agreements to margin documentation.
This book is written for three purposes, 1) to ensure that candidates preparing for the examinations of The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) can safely cover most of the topics they are expected to cover and pass their examinations. 2) To serve as reference book for bankers, consultants, advisers and members of the academia, and 3), as a reference document to businessmen in areas of their foreign trade transactions. The book is arranged into thirteen chapters. Starting with the theoretical basis upon which international trade and finance is based in chapter one. Chapter two looks into the requirements for a contractual relationship for parties going into foreign trade contracts. It also focuses on the common platform of the international commercial terminologies, and concludes with the various documents required in international trade. Chapter three is about the various methods of payment and settlement in international trade, including the new electronic method of payment, Bank Payment Obligations, BPO that came into force in 2013. Chapter four deals with financing of international trade and all areas covering the various instruments, sources and the special instruments are covered. Chapter five looks into the credit unions that support, finance, insure and guarantee credit facilities that are promoting international trade, while chapter six deals with International Collections and the rules of its application. Chapters seven and eight are fully devoted to Documentary Credits. Chapter seven deals with the documentary credit processes. Chapter eight deals with the various ways of documentary credit settlement and its uses for financing international trade. Chapters nine looks into the foreign exchange market, its historical development, factors and risks inherent therein and the roles of the monetary authorities. Chapter ten is devoted to the calculations which form the albatross area for students. Chapter eleven is devoted solely to the rules, regulations, and laws of the 27 Exchange Control Memoranda governing foreign exchange transactions in Nigeria. Chapter twelve is devoted to Exports from Nigeria and the various incentives for the exporter. The chapter is concluded with the guiding laws for exporters. Chapter thirteen is devoted to the various international bodies that support international trade and their roles. The book is written to make international trade and finance an interesting and enjoyable reading, in simple English for easy assimilation. It has provided the update no other literature on its coverage has in a single book in Nigeria. Joseph Kolawole Okunato 2019
This revision guide is intended to serve as a complement to the textbook. Its aim is essentially to provide past examination questions set by the Institute of Bankers and the examiners' own answers together with past questions set at the City of London Polytechnic and other questions, with their answers. This gives the reader a wider range of topics which reflects the contents of the textbook, and permits of selectivity to meet need. It is suggested that as each textbook chapter is read, the relevant section in the Revision Guide should be attempted in order to test knowledge and understanding, thereby further enhancing the learning process. To facilitate this, the guide is set out section by section, to match the chapters in the textbook. Several sections are prefaced by introductions to bridge the gap between textbook and questions. In addition, questions are presented in succeeding order of difficulty so that readers can move from the less to the more complex at their own speed. November 1985 L. Waxman vii Passing the Examination The Banking Diploma Stage 2 Examination Finance ofInternational Trade. The Institute of Bankers Diploma examinations take place twice yearly, in April and September. Prospective candidates who wish to prepare themselves as thoroughly as possible and who are using the associated textbook to this revision guide will find the question and answers which it contains an indispensable means of preparation for the examination paper "Finance ofInternational Trade".
divAs trade flows expanded and trade agreements proliferated after World War II, governments—most notably the United States—came increasingly to use their power over imports and exports to influence the behavior of other countries. But trade is not the only way in which nations interact economically. Over the past two decades, another form of economic exchange has risen to a level of vastly greater significance and political concern: the purchase and sale of financial assets across borders. Nearly $2 trillion worth of currency now moves cross-border every day, roughly 90 percent of which is accounted for by financial flows unrelated to trade in goods and services—a stunning inversion of the figures in 1970. The time is ripe to ask fundamental questions about what Benn Steil and Robert Litan have coined as “financial statecraft,” or those aspects of economic statecraft directed at influencing international capital flows. How precisely has the American government practiced financial statecraft? How effective have these efforts been? And how can they be made more effective? The authors provide penetrating and incisive answers in this timely and stimulating book. /DIV
History of monetary system --Balance of payments and exchange rates --The foreign exchange markets --Exchange rate determination and forecasting --Exchange rates and international parity conditions --Foreign currency derivatives --Foreign exchange exposure and its management --Multinational corporations and international cost of capital --Multinational capital budgeting --Foreign direct investment and portfolio theory --International trade finance --Political risk and its management.